Rebuttable Presumption of Self- Defense
People acting in self-defense now have substantial immunity from both criminal and civil liability under the new laws. When using defensive force against someone, a person is now automatically presumed to have held a reasonable fear of imminent peril of death, great bodily harm or sexual assault, as long as both the following apply:
(a) The individual against whom deadly force or force other than deadly force is used is in the process of breaking and entering a dwelling or business premises or committing home invasion or has broken and entered a dwelling or business premises or committed home invasion and is still present in the dwelling or business premises, or is unlawfully attempting to remove another individual from a dwelling, business premises, or occupied vehicle against his or her will.
(b) The individual using deadly force or force other than deadly force honestly and reasonably believes that the individual is engaging in conduct described in subdivision (a).
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This legal presumption must be overcome by the prosecutor, who is required to present evidence
at each stage of the criminal proceedings, to rebut the presumption that the individual did not act within the constraints of the Self-Defense Act. Only if the prosecutor has presented enough evidence to rebut the presumption that defensive force was justified under the Act, will the individual using such force be subject to prosecution.
There are, however, exceptions to the presumption cited above. These include the following:
- The person against whom force is used has a legal right to be present in the dwelling or vehicle (such as an owner, lessee or titleholder);
- the person being removed is a child or grandchild or in lawful custody of the person against whom the defensive force was used;
- the person against whom defensive force is used is a police officer engaged in performing official duties; or
- the person using defensive force was engaged in an unlawful activity or using the dwelling or vehicle to further an unlawful activity.14
If none of these exceptions apply, then the person is essentially immune from criminal prosecution.
Similarly, an individual using force in self-defense or defense of another in compliance with the Self-Defense Act would not be civilly liable for damages caused to the person against whom the force was authorized or to anyone claiming damages arising out of the incident.
15 Additionally, the court is
required to award payment of actual attorney fees and costs to an individual sued for civil damages if that person is immune from civil liability under the Act.
16 The rationale behind such a provision is that people who act in self-defense should not have to spend the time or money to go to court to justify their actions in protecting themselves or others.
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