the series as a whole is a slapdash bodge job when it comes to pacing and execution. they rush from mini crisis to mini crisis with solutions out of nowhere to move the action foward in order to cover up the plot holes and lack of coherency.(a worrying trend ie riseofskywalker, chrischibnal drwho, stdiscovery)
but there are plenty of character arcs that could have been developed and landed with tons of emotional impact. unfortunately we got the rushed versions that werent built up so they had no impact because you didnt care about any of the characters or what happened to them. stuff happens out of nowhere in rapid succession with no explanation or establish shots. but that doesnt mean there werent stories you could tell. they just need time to build up to something.
the android and romulan stuff was absolutely and demonstrably poorly executed(see the redlettermedia reviews). the main problem being the pacing of what is revealed and when it is revealed. Flash season1 does a masterful job of pacing out the reveal of people not being who you think they are. hell even season1 of Fringe which kurtzman worked on manages to do its reveals properly.
ignore the mess of what kurtzman and chabon did and consider what they could have done.
- picard is functionally dying, there could have been a nice arc of him settled in his vineyard waiting to die a comfortable death and eventually answering the call to duty to reclaim his old self. if each episode had been about him revisiting past failures or regrets and building up to a decision to sacrifce himself as the climax approaches, it could have landed with a ton of resonance. instead we got a rushed kamikaze scene in the span of 2min with zero time given to show the contemplation of consequences to inform the decision made by two of the characters most in need of redemption. little scenes of picard's body failing him and forcing him to change his decision making and outlook over multiple episodes could have been done subtly instead of a "previously on Picard" reminder on the last 2 episodes.
-rios could have been a strict mercenary looking to get paid who comes around to believing in a leader again and in the end offering the only thing he values, his ship, to picard to kamikaze in.
-soji's arc should have been about betrayal(romulan boyfriend, android 3rd sister) and regaining trust, with the eventual realization that picard was family. but all we get is the ryker-troi episode to set up the idea but never any other scenes/actions towards building her confidence in picard.
-elnor could have been an angry child with murderskills chafing at the limits picard set with him eventually learning picard's moral compass and eventually leaving to choose fights based on his new picardified righteous judgement.
-narek the romulan boyfriend could have had an arc based on philosophical curiosity where he actually tests some of the precepts of the jadvash cult and makes his own free choices based on the truth he finds. but based on what kurtzman/chabon came up with, the cult was arguably right to destroy the androids just to be on the safe side. changing some of the character flips and plot twists by adding more doubt and nuance could have made a better version.
all these things take time/scenes/dialogue. but they went with the action movie vibe of newtrek, instead of the philosophical approach of TNG. 5 to 7 additional episodes while getting rid of some the faff in ep1&2 could have given them the time needed.
in screenwriting you are supposed to workshop a small(3min short), med(23 min episode), long(1hour or feature film) version of the story you want to tell.
you obviously have to cut back or scale down some of the scope/consequences for the smaller versions. 10 episodes is too small for a fate of humanity/galaxy story like s1 picard. a plot with smaller stakes would have been appropriate but that isnt how newtrek works under kurtzman.
the simpler version you argue for is correct but it is an entirely different story.
they chose to do the long version of the romulan/android story so it is all or nothing. but this inbetween version with big stakes and no time to tell anything compelling is why s1 fails. (that and the beacon turning into a wormhole thingy for no reason. but it could have been solved by having soji being given a choice by the super androids to take them to android paradise dimension or killing the humans and her going for option3: co-existence with humanity)