As someone that actually works in excise tax (particularly with motor fuels that you are referring to)... they ABSOLUTELY should. That means all your hybrids, Tesla's, etc... need to pay their fair share of it as well as it relates to roads, bridges, pothole, etc... maintenance. So, they need to figure out a way to convert the current tax (based on per gallon of gasoline/diesel) into a price per kwH for electircs.
But yes - I'm in full favor of jacking up that federal rate that hasn't been touched in ~20 years.
I mean, in addition to paying for it on the basis of inflation, it should also be adjusted on the basis of fuel efficiency.