Keep income tax rates where they are, but raise the brackets somewhat so that the top tax rate actually hits the top 5% or so.
Use Mitt Romney's idea to cap itemized deductions at $17k.
Lower payroll taxes to 5% but remove the cap. In fact, remove all such big-ticket tax caps.
Lower the corporate tax rate to 20%. I'm tempted to say "get rid of deductions entirely" but that would be too extreme. Perhaps there should be some way of measuring the impact of deduction on jobs created/preserved. I'd have to do some research on this one. But right now the corporate tax code heavily benefits multinational giants and hurts small businesses.
Corporate taxes on income earned overseas should be 0%, like in all other industrialized nations. No point encouraging people to headquarter their companies in Bermuda.
Raise the retirement age for SS/Medicare to (average life expectancy - 10), recalculated every 3 years or so, with people within 5 years of retirement "locked in" and a no greater than 1-year change each recalculation.
Means-test SS. Details may vary, not sure on this one.
Single payer health care. Our system is ridiculously overpriced and not very good.
Shrink defense budget by 10-20% over several years, and then peg it to inflation. There is no real difference between being able to beat the next 6 countries put together, or the next 8. Good foreign policy will ensure that neither scenario is even close to realistic.
Repeal Dodd-Frank, lock a bipartisan commission of wonder kids from various sides of economics (academia, government, industry) in a room with NO access to lobbyists and 10 sheets of blank paper. Once they come up with a simpler set of rules to govern the financial sector, give the regulators enough teeth to enforce them.
Pass a 0.0001% tax on financial transactions to provide a damper on high-speed trading and its destabilizing effects on the market.
Lower the barriers to entry of highly-educated, highly-trained, and/or highly-skilled immigrants, and provide a fast-track to citizenship. America's ability to attract talent has been its most powerful asset for decades and is beginning to fade thanks to isolationism and xenophobia.
Similarly, begin a large guest-worker program for unskilled labor. This would be designed to break the cycle of more illegal immigration leading to fewer visas granted leading to even more illegal immigration. Candidates would be issued green cards, but would need to stay out of legal trouble, pay taxes, have insurance if they drive, and not be long-term unemployed. Continue to prioritize deportation of criminals and other non-contributors.