Direct economic fallout of foreclosures is limited (talking heads on tv used to say subprime represented only 15% of GDP or something like that). But politicians can't appear to be standing idly by as people are losing their homes.
Real issue seems to be that massive losses that have to be absorbed by institutions will lead to tighter and less lending (corporate bond markets), which could stunt growth in the U. S. and elsewhere, leading to a profound economic downturn sometime down the road.
Major institutions around the world used cheap borrowed money to leverage up many many times and made lots of money on the very high yielding subprime slime when housing market was always going up, but now have potentially large losses because the collateral for these highly leveraged bets of borrowed money are not worth what their essentially no risk assumption models said they were:
http://www.usagold.com/derivativeschapman.html
Also, this worldwide liquidity bubble made money really cheap and low rates reflected an assumption of essentially no risk. Now that that assumption has been proven wrong and risk is being repriced into the markets, there are lots of private equity deals that institutions don't want to go through with because they are not profitable like they thought when they made the deals (very low borrowing costs based upon assumption of essentially no risk). Seller still wants deal to go through at agreed price, but buyers are balking because they will now lose lots of money on the deal:
(excerpt below from Oakmark Funds Mutual fund commentary)
THE OAKMARK AND OAKMARK SELECT FUNDS
William C. Nygren
"At Oakmark, we are long-term investors. We attempt to identify growing businesses that are managed to benefit their shareholders. We will purchase stock in those businesses only when priced substantially below our estimate of intrinsic value. After purchase, we patiently wait for the gap between stock price and intrinsic value to close.
Private equity. The term is everywhere. You can?t go to a financial website, read the business section of a newspaper, or watch stock market shows on TV without hearing about private equity. Some say it?s already overdone and will suffer the bad ending that all bubbles inevitably suffer. Some say it?s early, and they still want more of their capital invested in private equity. Some argue that private equity is stealing companies from an uninformed public, while others say that private equity has inflated the entire stock market. What is it? Why all the sudden interest? Most importantly, how does it affect our Funds?
In the most general sense, private equity is simply ownership interest in a company whose stock does not trade publicly. More specifically, the term ?private equity? today usually refers to the capital, which is normally highly leveraged, that is used to purchase a publicly held company. This type of transaction has roots back to the 1960s, but really began to blossom in the 1980s with the emergence of what was then called the ?junk bond? market. One of the most difficult hurdles to pass before paying a premium to take a company private was obtaining the financing that facilitated a highly leveraged acquisition. The creation of a public market for very high risk debt made getting past that hurdle much easier.
The logic behind those transactions was typically that the entrepreneurial buyer had a plan to radically increase the value of the business, perhaps by making tough decisions that corporate managers lacking economic alignment with their shareholders were unwilling to make, such as selling divisions and downsizing. The debt for such a transaction was expensive, frequently six percentage points or more above Treasuries. But, with lots of low hanging fruit, it was worth the cost, and the returns on leveraged private equity were high.
As always happens, however, the markets adjusted. Competition among buyout firms grew, bond owners demanded higher returns, and most importantly, corporate managements reformed, adopting the ?maximize shareholder value? mantra, making high-return targets difficult to find. For the next twenty years or so, private equity faded to the background.
Recently, however, the spread between Treasuries and what is now euphemistically called the ?high yield? bond market has hit record lows. Bond buyers, hungrier than ever for yield, now demand only a three percentage point premium to Treasuries, half the historical spread. With bond buyers taking so much of the risk for so little of the return, levering up has again become profitable. In fact the after-tax cost of capital is now lower for private equity firms than it is for many cash-rich companies. A private equity firm can offer a safe harbor with no Sarbanes-Oxley, no public disclosure of executive compensation, and no pressure from investors to meet quarterly earnings targets. Financially, a leveraged private company also enjoys a big reduction in income tax payments (which is because interest to debt holders is deductible, while payments to shareholders aren?t), and a leverage-enhanced equity return that is about twice the return of a typical stock.
Imagine a debt-free company that is growing earnings 10% per year and that sells in the stock market at sixteen times earnings. It accepts a 25% acquisition premium, getting purchased for twenty times earnings. The private buyer then increases the leverage to eight times cashflow, paying 8% in annual interest. After five years, the company re-enters the public marketplace, again at the same sixteen times earnings it sold for before it was acquired. Had the company remained public, the annual return to shareholders would have been only the 10% that earnings grew (since we assumed the P/E3 ratio didn?t change). But, the return to the private equity holder in the above example is not just 10%. In fact, it exceeds the 20% compound annual return target that most private equity firms set as their hurdle. The tax payments fall sharply, the debt buyer allows for a very low cost of capital, and with no change in the operations, the equity returns are doubled. Magic! That?s why we?re seeing record volumes of such transactions.
Private equity firms no longer need to devise operational strategies that increase earnings and grow value, but rather, most of today?s transactions succeed purely on financial arbitrage.
Who?s funding all this? Back in the old days, investors paid up significantly to have a public market for a security. ?Marketable securities,? both debt and equity, were considered preferable to unmarketable securities. They were viewed, correctly in our opinion, as less risky than private securities because they were easier to sell. But today, the tables have oddly turned. In an article about a local company that was getting acquired, CDW Corporation, the Chicago Tribune quoted an analyst as saying that one of the reasons this well run company should go private was that it would ?allow CDW more access to capital.?4 After I stopped laughing at what I thought was a misprint, I realized that today, it might actually be true. There is such a strong desire, misguided in our opinion, by institutional investors (endowment funds, foundations, pension plans) to increase their exposure to ?alternative investments? (read: high fee private partnerships) that it might be generally true that illiquid private investments are in greater demand than are liquid public investments.
At Oakmark, we?re buying public equity interests in what we believe are some of the greatest businesses in the world, and we?re paying lower prices than private equity is paying for what we view as mediocre businesses. But investor demand is falling for traditional public equity investment, while it is rapidly growing for private equity. Hmmm. That strikes us as an anomaly that is likely to reverse. To the extent private equity has provided a tail wind for the whole market, it has provided a much more powerful assist to mid-cap companies than to large-cap. When private equity slows, which it inevitably will, the loss of that tailwind shouldn?t hurt large-cap stocks as much as it will hurt small- and mid-caps. By purchasing the businesses we believe are most attractively valued, independent of whether or not they are likely to get acquired, we believe we are well positioned no matter how long the private equity boom continues.
Some shareholders have asked if we aren?t concerned that private equity will buy out all of our companies. To me, that?s like asking: ?Are you worried that if you win the lottery you might not be able to do it again?? We welcome acquisition bids on any of our holdings. If a potential buyer believes a company is worth a lot more than its market price, and they want to submit a proposal to purchase it, we applaud. But what if they?re not offering full value? Once an acquisition proposal is made, our focus is as much on the process as it is on the price. We believe that today?s acquisition market is so competitive that, almost by definition, an open process will result in a fair price. Last year when Knight-Ridder was being sold, we were disappointed that the price we got for our shares wasn?t higher. We were, however, highly confident that the process had been fair and open, and therefore believed that the buyer was indeed the high bidder. With a year of hindsight and with lower valuations on newspapers today, both in the stock market and in transactions, the Knight-Ridder price appears to have been quite good. An open process with a level playing field is the best insurance we can get that we are obtaining the highest possible price. And if one of our holdings is considering a proposal to be acquired and you feel you?re getting shut out from making a higher bid, please let us know. We can make a lot of noise when we need to."