You were referring to academic achievement which is different from IQ.
Nominal.
I was referring to testing done with children, not achievement. Unless you consider the test scores the achievement, but again that is hardly different than IQ testing. They are scores for a test one way or the other.
People with poor values teach their children poor values
Despite your reputation, which is well established here, I don't think we are too far apart on this issue. We both see it as an issue but you seem to think it is the root and I think it is more of a symptom despite its cyclical nature. Again, I go back to the fact that black people in upper income levels don't have the same issue, whereas poor people of other races have the same issue. That leads me to believe is a poverty issue and not a problem with "black society".
Someone has to be the bottom 20%. Might as well be people who make poor life choices.
Someone does have to be the bottom 20%. But with the floor raised the bottom 20% won't be so bad. So bad as to create cyclical problems that keep the same families in the bottom 20%. You know? Break the cycle, fix the problem, and we all benefit.
If you want to fix the problem of poverty simply start treating people in poverty as children. If they cannot handle freedom then they shouldn't have it.
There are REAL barriers in place. They don't have freedom, not in the sense that someone in the other quintiles does. I see you glossed right past the sociological explanation for unwed childbirth I mentioned above. When you are trapped in a pit of despair with no real way out, because as most of this page has shown there is no class mobility, your actions are completely different.
I see just as many kids being kids in the nice areas I live in now as I did growing up in the worst parts of town. The difference is the kids in better areas have the support system and structure to keep them from going off the tracks, no matter the transgressions. Even with oftentimes (though certainly not the majority) those kids are doing much worse things than the poor kids but not having to pay the price for their actions.
It is very hard to describe, but having lived in both environments it is clear karma doesn't exist and there are two different worlds with different outcomes for the same behavior.
Which is a meaningless statement given that no one is able to define what a "living wage" is. Probably because a living wage for a single mother with 3 bastard children would be prohibitively absurd.
Anyone can define it, it just wouldn't be a full agreement ever. I think someone who is physically capable of working 40 hours a week should be able to provide for a family of four beyond just the bare necessities. A small house or apt, a cheap car or public transportation depending on location, food and a small bit of fun money. If you work full time there is no reason that shouldn't be reasonable.