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Wonder what Chinese military is saying....
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LongCoolMother
Diamond Member
its been the greatest country (china) until 100 years ago. if some unfortunate things didnt happen, or communists didnt, it would have likely been the greatest country still, today.
168/169
http://artclub.csuhayward.edu/cgi-b...e0fae08282184a4469b83dce67;act=ST;f=12;t=2004
171
http://artclub.csuhayward.edu/cgi-b...e0fae08282184a4469b83dce67;act=ST;f=12;t=3945
Phased array radar Pics
http://artclub.csuhayward.edu/cgi-b...e0fae08282184a4469b83dce67;act=ST;f=12;t=3359
The Chinese Type 98 Main Battle Tank:
A New Beast from the East
by Jim Warford
On October 1, 1999, during a parade in Beijing marking the 50th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, the world got a look at the current Chinese armored force, including a first glimpse of the new Type 98 main battle tank (MBT). This huge parade, the first since 1984, reportedly involved 500,000 PLA personnel, and provided an unprecedented view of the Chinese army's latest weaponry and equipment.
The PLA paraded three different tank types, with one of the most significant surprises being the new Type 98, which resembles a Russian T-72 MBT with a new and well-protected "box-like" turret. The Type 98 (and other improved and evolving armored vehicles like it) represent a potentially significant and continuing heavy threat confronting U.S. Army forces in the future.
While two of the tanks paraded by the PLA were shown for the first time in their latest forms - the Type 80-III/Type 88B and the Type 85-III/Type 88C - the Type 98 had never before been seen in public. This tank, also known as the WZ-123, represents a significant improvement in Chinese MBT development.
The Type 98 actually began during the continuing development of another Chinese tank known as the Type 90-II/Type 90-IIM. In late 1991, the China North Industries Corporation (NORINCO) re-leased initial information describing the development of the Type 90-II. Reportedly, a deal had been signed in May 1990 between China and Pakistan allowing for the production of this new tank in Pakistan. As of early 1999, however, the Type 90-II had still not been put into production in either China or Pakistan.
http://www.china-defense.com/armor/type98/type98_1.html
The H-6 Tankers
by Mike Little
As an old "tanker toad" (4000+ flying hours as a navigator/instructor nav in the KC-135 and its variants) I've been curious about the H-6's performance as a tanker and suspect that the aircraft may have been underestimated in this role. Supporting this notion is the fact that models of the Tu-16 were the Russians' most numerous tanker for decades, and the RAF used the Victor (similar to the Tu-16 in size and performance) as its primary tanker until recently. Especially considering that the H-6 tankers are primarily intended to support fighters - specifically the J-8D - which require a relatively small offload, this aircraft may be more capable than first appears.
As mentioned above, the Chinese were not the first to convert this airframe to a tanker. The Russians did twice: first with the Tu-16Z, which was readily convertible back to the bombing role, and then with the Tu-16N. The Tu-16N tanker could carry 42,200 kg of fuel, almost 8 tonnes more than the normal load. To do this must have required either restressing the airframe or lightening it by some 5000 kg, since the stated gross takeoff weight is still 75,800 kg. I believe the Russians did the latter and the Chinese did something similar but less drastic, enough to allow for the H-6's fuel load to be increased by 4,000 kg - probably in a bomb bay tank - to the published total of 37,000 kg. This is a comparable load to that of the tanker versions of the C-130, which are very widely used in the small/medium tanker role in the West (including by the USAF and US Marines), also primarily to support smaller aircraft such as fighters. Comparing the two airplanes' performance, the C-130 is slower and operates at lower altitudes but has longer range due to its turboprop engines. The Chinese-built Y-8 has similar performance, and that China chose the H-6 instead suggests that they made a deliberate choice between speed/altitude and range. Why did they do this? It appears that they were looking for something to escort fighters - to serve more or less as a really BIG drop tank - and needed the tankers' performance to be as similar to the receivers' as possible.
http://www.china-defense.com/aviation/h6tanker/h6tanker01.html
Flankers under the Dragon's Wings
A Timeline of Events
by crobato
http://www.china-defense.com/aviation/flankers/flankers01.html
PLA Experimentation with
Armed Cargo Ships
by Stephen Miles
Recently there have been numerous pictures released to the public showing civilian-type cargo ships modified with military armament. These weapons range from small Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGM) to large caliber artillery and even entire tanks. Most photos show the armed cargo ships apparently participating in some sort of trials or training. The motivation for this weaponization of cargo ships is the subject of much speculation among China analysts. The fundamental question is: do these armed cargo ships represent an emerging amphibious tactic, or are they just more of the same "we will liberate Taiwan" saber rattling? This article summarizes the author's original analysis of this topic, and offers some possible methods of employing these ships.
http://www.china-defense.com/commentary/armed_cargo_ships/armed_cargo_ships01.html
Brigade Reform and the
Recent PLA Development
by Xinhui
We should have a strong sense of crisis, because we cannot concentrate on economic development without a consolidated national defense and a powerful army." Jiang Zemin Urges PLA Modernization [1]
Since 1997, the two events that have undoubtedly affected the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) Order of Battle (Orbat) the most were, the demobilization of half a million troops [2] and the large-scale conversion of divisions (shi, ) into smaller sized brigades (lu, )[3]. How do those reforms fit into the change of the PLA's doctrine? How will brigades operate as key fighting formations of the PLA? [4] While there are many reports covering the demobilization of troops, information related to the brigade reform has only surfaced in recent years. [5]
http://www.china-defense.com/pla/brigade_reform/brigade_reform01.html
Tactical Impressions of the People's Liberation Army
Introduction
The People's Liberation Army (PLA) has gone through major modernization programs in recent years, both in technique and technology. However, this is a selective process that only a few units receive the latest and the greatest while the vast majority of the military remained obsolescent. Historically and culturally, the PLA tends to concentrate on the big picture rather than on the details which brings into question the relative effectiveness of these specialized units.
http://www.china-defense.com/pla/tactical_impressions_pla/tac_imp_pla-01.html
http://artclub.csuhayward.edu/cgi-b...e0fae08282184a4469b83dce67;act=ST;f=12;t=2004
171
http://artclub.csuhayward.edu/cgi-b...e0fae08282184a4469b83dce67;act=ST;f=12;t=3945
Phased array radar Pics
http://artclub.csuhayward.edu/cgi-b...e0fae08282184a4469b83dce67;act=ST;f=12;t=3359
The Chinese Type 98 Main Battle Tank:
A New Beast from the East
by Jim Warford
On October 1, 1999, during a parade in Beijing marking the 50th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, the world got a look at the current Chinese armored force, including a first glimpse of the new Type 98 main battle tank (MBT). This huge parade, the first since 1984, reportedly involved 500,000 PLA personnel, and provided an unprecedented view of the Chinese army's latest weaponry and equipment.
The PLA paraded three different tank types, with one of the most significant surprises being the new Type 98, which resembles a Russian T-72 MBT with a new and well-protected "box-like" turret. The Type 98 (and other improved and evolving armored vehicles like it) represent a potentially significant and continuing heavy threat confronting U.S. Army forces in the future.
While two of the tanks paraded by the PLA were shown for the first time in their latest forms - the Type 80-III/Type 88B and the Type 85-III/Type 88C - the Type 98 had never before been seen in public. This tank, also known as the WZ-123, represents a significant improvement in Chinese MBT development.
The Type 98 actually began during the continuing development of another Chinese tank known as the Type 90-II/Type 90-IIM. In late 1991, the China North Industries Corporation (NORINCO) re-leased initial information describing the development of the Type 90-II. Reportedly, a deal had been signed in May 1990 between China and Pakistan allowing for the production of this new tank in Pakistan. As of early 1999, however, the Type 90-II had still not been put into production in either China or Pakistan.
http://www.china-defense.com/armor/type98/type98_1.html
The H-6 Tankers
by Mike Little
As an old "tanker toad" (4000+ flying hours as a navigator/instructor nav in the KC-135 and its variants) I've been curious about the H-6's performance as a tanker and suspect that the aircraft may have been underestimated in this role. Supporting this notion is the fact that models of the Tu-16 were the Russians' most numerous tanker for decades, and the RAF used the Victor (similar to the Tu-16 in size and performance) as its primary tanker until recently. Especially considering that the H-6 tankers are primarily intended to support fighters - specifically the J-8D - which require a relatively small offload, this aircraft may be more capable than first appears.
As mentioned above, the Chinese were not the first to convert this airframe to a tanker. The Russians did twice: first with the Tu-16Z, which was readily convertible back to the bombing role, and then with the Tu-16N. The Tu-16N tanker could carry 42,200 kg of fuel, almost 8 tonnes more than the normal load. To do this must have required either restressing the airframe or lightening it by some 5000 kg, since the stated gross takeoff weight is still 75,800 kg. I believe the Russians did the latter and the Chinese did something similar but less drastic, enough to allow for the H-6's fuel load to be increased by 4,000 kg - probably in a bomb bay tank - to the published total of 37,000 kg. This is a comparable load to that of the tanker versions of the C-130, which are very widely used in the small/medium tanker role in the West (including by the USAF and US Marines), also primarily to support smaller aircraft such as fighters. Comparing the two airplanes' performance, the C-130 is slower and operates at lower altitudes but has longer range due to its turboprop engines. The Chinese-built Y-8 has similar performance, and that China chose the H-6 instead suggests that they made a deliberate choice between speed/altitude and range. Why did they do this? It appears that they were looking for something to escort fighters - to serve more or less as a really BIG drop tank - and needed the tankers' performance to be as similar to the receivers' as possible.
http://www.china-defense.com/aviation/h6tanker/h6tanker01.html
Flankers under the Dragon's Wings
A Timeline of Events
by crobato
http://www.china-defense.com/aviation/flankers/flankers01.html
PLA Experimentation with
Armed Cargo Ships
by Stephen Miles
Recently there have been numerous pictures released to the public showing civilian-type cargo ships modified with military armament. These weapons range from small Anti-Tank Guided Missiles (ATGM) to large caliber artillery and even entire tanks. Most photos show the armed cargo ships apparently participating in some sort of trials or training. The motivation for this weaponization of cargo ships is the subject of much speculation among China analysts. The fundamental question is: do these armed cargo ships represent an emerging amphibious tactic, or are they just more of the same "we will liberate Taiwan" saber rattling? This article summarizes the author's original analysis of this topic, and offers some possible methods of employing these ships.
http://www.china-defense.com/commentary/armed_cargo_ships/armed_cargo_ships01.html
Brigade Reform and the
Recent PLA Development
by Xinhui
We should have a strong sense of crisis, because we cannot concentrate on economic development without a consolidated national defense and a powerful army." Jiang Zemin Urges PLA Modernization [1]
Since 1997, the two events that have undoubtedly affected the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) Order of Battle (Orbat) the most were, the demobilization of half a million troops [2] and the large-scale conversion of divisions (shi, ) into smaller sized brigades (lu, )[3]. How do those reforms fit into the change of the PLA's doctrine? How will brigades operate as key fighting formations of the PLA? [4] While there are many reports covering the demobilization of troops, information related to the brigade reform has only surfaced in recent years. [5]
http://www.china-defense.com/pla/brigade_reform/brigade_reform01.html
Tactical Impressions of the People's Liberation Army
Introduction
The People's Liberation Army (PLA) has gone through major modernization programs in recent years, both in technique and technology. However, this is a selective process that only a few units receive the latest and the greatest while the vast majority of the military remained obsolescent. Historically and culturally, the PLA tends to concentrate on the big picture rather than on the details which brings into question the relative effectiveness of these specialized units.
http://www.china-defense.com/pla/tactical_impressions_pla/tac_imp_pla-01.html
Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Assets
Aviation Corps | Air Force | Navy Airforce
Send feedback to sidtrevethan@juno.com
The PLA Aviation Corps
Table of Organization
Revision 3.1
· General: PLA Army Aviation Corps was organized in 1988 by transferring the majority of PLAAF helicopters into the new organization. With the exception of a single flight of two Y-8 (An-12) transports, all aircraft in the PLAAC are rotary wing. There were originally 22 Aviation Regiments. Today there are 9 active regiments plus the Army Aviation Training Regiment. There are also approximately 9 reserve regiments and about 5 special army aviation units. Nominally ?regiments? these units operate a single squadron. All of these organizations are assigned to five Helicopter Brigades assigned to selected Group Armies. These Helicopter Brigades, when fully mobilized, typically operate from 84 to 245 machines in 3-6 subordinate units. While this represents a significant capability, when compared with a corps (which a Group Army is), the rotary wing support available to PLA units is modest. Certain Rapid Deployment Force units are associated with specific aviation regiments for operations. Nevertheless, this organization is logical and it permits selected Group Army commanders to control a critical resource.
· Helicopter Brigades: There are 5 Helicopter Brigades assigned to the Beijing Shi, Shanyang, Tianjin, Guangzhou and Shanghai Shi War Zone commands. Each Brigade typically controls 1 to 3 regular Avitation Regiments and two or more reserve units. While historically PLAAC Aviation Regiments operated a single type of helicopter, newer equipment is being issued on a squadron basis. Historically most of these have been transport helicopters, but the new WZ-9 represents a significant attack helicopter (based on the AS-365 Dauphin 2). There are also 8 SA-342 Gazelle anti-armor helicopters (with HOT).
· Helicopter Regiments: The original 10 regular Aviation Regiments assigned to the Aviation Brigades were originally equipped as follows: 2 with Z-6 (Improved Mi-4), 2 with Mi-17 (Improved Mi-8), 1 with Mi-8 (a reengineered Mi-4 with turbine engines), 3 with Z-8 (Heavy Lift SA-321 Super Frelon), and 2 with Z-9G (Eurocopter AS-365 Dauphin 2). The reserve Helicopter Regiments are all equipped with the Z-5 (Mi-4) but may be converting to the Z-6 (if it is not misidentified). There is also a special unit equipped entirely with WZ-9 gunships in the Nanjing Military Region. And there are other special (one squadron) reserve units are equipped entirely with Z-5 or Mi-8 in large urban areas. PLAAC Helicopter Brigades routinely detach assets to units of the army. One PLAAC in Hong Kong operates Z-9A under army command.
· PLAAC Detachments: The PLAAC operates a single flight of Y-8 (An-12) transports. It has a VIP squadron with 6 AS-332 and 4 Bell 214 machines. There is also a heavy lift flight of three remaining Mi-6s (stolen from shipments to Viet Nam during the Viet Nam war). These detachments are subordinate to the Army Aviation Training Unit which is in the Beijing Military Region.
· PLAAC Aircraft Identification Numbers: It is known that the PLAAC uses an identification number scheme which is similar to the PLAAF system. The identification numbers (tail numbers) always begin with the letters LH (for LuBing HangKong = Army Aviation). When the unit is a regiment, the number following the letters is five digits long, and the first digit is a 9. [Note that no air force, civil or naval units with 5 digit numbers begin with 9]. When the units is special, the leading 9 is omitted. In the 5 digit case, the second digit is the regiment identification number. In the 4 digit case, the first digit is the squadron identification number. In either case, the last two digits are the aircraft number itself, and the third digit from the right is a type indicator, using the following scale:
Code 0 = Transport (Y-8, Mi-6, AS332, 214) Code 5 = Z-5 (Mi-4)
Code 1 = Alouette Code 6 = Z-6 (Mod. Z-5 or Mi-8)
Code 2 = S-70C Code 7 = Mi-17 or Mi-171
Code 3 = Sa-342 Gazelle Code 8 = Mi-8 (or Z-8???)
Code 4 = Z-11 Code 9 = Z-9 (AS-365)
· Note there is some relationship between the code and the aircraft type (e.g., Code 5 = Z-5, Code 8 = Mi-8, Code 9 = Z-9, etc.). When there is more than one digit in the equipment designator, one of these digits is the designator (e.g, Code 3 = Sa-342, Code 7 = Mi-17). The code for the Z-8 (SA-321) is unknown, but from the above it might be 8, especially as the Mi-8 is being phased out. It is reported that 4 digit tail numbers are being converted to 5 digit ones. If so, the conversion is not yet understood.
·
· 127th Amphibious Mechanized Infantry Division (Experimental): The 127th Amphibious Mechanized Infantry Division, based near Guangzhou (Canton), is an experimental organization. It is associated with the Sixth Army Aviation Regiment at San Shui. Other Rapid Deployment Force Divisions are probably associated with other Aviation Regiments in their part of the country.
· Regimental Organization: Army Aviation Corps Regiments normally have three squadrons (?flying units?) which typically operate 8-12 machines. The aircraft, however, actually belong to a single ?maintenance unit? which issues the machines to the squadrons as required. A squadron can theoretically operate more machines if there are enough aircraft and pilots available. The word the Chinese prefer to translate ?squadron? better corresponds to the English ?flight.?
· Data Sources: This considers information from standard reference books from 1989-2002 including IISS Military Balance, Jane?s All the World?s Aircraft, Jane?s Fighting Ships, Brassey?s Combat Aircraft of the World, The International Directory of Military Aircraft and the Aerospace Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. It also considers databases by Rick Kramer and Andy Chan as well as articles in the military and aviation trade press, news articles and web articles which the writer has collected in extensive files, also since 1989. The data is somewhat confusing and contradictory and requires interpretation. There are indications that the long decline in equipment numbers significantly reversed in 2002. The rate of acquisition and integration of new equipment also appears to have accelerated moderately since 1999.
Aviation Corps | Air Force | Navy Airforce
Send feedback to sidtrevethan@juno.com
The PLA Aviation Corps
Table of Organization
Revision 3.1
· General: PLA Army Aviation Corps was organized in 1988 by transferring the majority of PLAAF helicopters into the new organization. With the exception of a single flight of two Y-8 (An-12) transports, all aircraft in the PLAAC are rotary wing. There were originally 22 Aviation Regiments. Today there are 9 active regiments plus the Army Aviation Training Regiment. There are also approximately 9 reserve regiments and about 5 special army aviation units. Nominally ?regiments? these units operate a single squadron. All of these organizations are assigned to five Helicopter Brigades assigned to selected Group Armies. These Helicopter Brigades, when fully mobilized, typically operate from 84 to 245 machines in 3-6 subordinate units. While this represents a significant capability, when compared with a corps (which a Group Army is), the rotary wing support available to PLA units is modest. Certain Rapid Deployment Force units are associated with specific aviation regiments for operations. Nevertheless, this organization is logical and it permits selected Group Army commanders to control a critical resource.
· Helicopter Brigades: There are 5 Helicopter Brigades assigned to the Beijing Shi, Shanyang, Tianjin, Guangzhou and Shanghai Shi War Zone commands. Each Brigade typically controls 1 to 3 regular Avitation Regiments and two or more reserve units. While historically PLAAC Aviation Regiments operated a single type of helicopter, newer equipment is being issued on a squadron basis. Historically most of these have been transport helicopters, but the new WZ-9 represents a significant attack helicopter (based on the AS-365 Dauphin 2). There are also 8 SA-342 Gazelle anti-armor helicopters (with HOT).
· Helicopter Regiments: The original 10 regular Aviation Regiments assigned to the Aviation Brigades were originally equipped as follows: 2 with Z-6 (Improved Mi-4), 2 with Mi-17 (Improved Mi-8), 1 with Mi-8 (a reengineered Mi-4 with turbine engines), 3 with Z-8 (Heavy Lift SA-321 Super Frelon), and 2 with Z-9G (Eurocopter AS-365 Dauphin 2). The reserve Helicopter Regiments are all equipped with the Z-5 (Mi-4) but may be converting to the Z-6 (if it is not misidentified). There is also a special unit equipped entirely with WZ-9 gunships in the Nanjing Military Region. And there are other special (one squadron) reserve units are equipped entirely with Z-5 or Mi-8 in large urban areas. PLAAC Helicopter Brigades routinely detach assets to units of the army. One PLAAC in Hong Kong operates Z-9A under army command.
· PLAAC Detachments: The PLAAC operates a single flight of Y-8 (An-12) transports. It has a VIP squadron with 6 AS-332 and 4 Bell 214 machines. There is also a heavy lift flight of three remaining Mi-6s (stolen from shipments to Viet Nam during the Viet Nam war). These detachments are subordinate to the Army Aviation Training Unit which is in the Beijing Military Region.
· PLAAC Aircraft Identification Numbers: It is known that the PLAAC uses an identification number scheme which is similar to the PLAAF system. The identification numbers (tail numbers) always begin with the letters LH (for LuBing HangKong = Army Aviation). When the unit is a regiment, the number following the letters is five digits long, and the first digit is a 9. [Note that no air force, civil or naval units with 5 digit numbers begin with 9]. When the units is special, the leading 9 is omitted. In the 5 digit case, the second digit is the regiment identification number. In the 4 digit case, the first digit is the squadron identification number. In either case, the last two digits are the aircraft number itself, and the third digit from the right is a type indicator, using the following scale:
Code 0 = Transport (Y-8, Mi-6, AS332, 214) Code 5 = Z-5 (Mi-4)
Code 1 = Alouette Code 6 = Z-6 (Mod. Z-5 or Mi-8)
Code 2 = S-70C Code 7 = Mi-17 or Mi-171
Code 3 = Sa-342 Gazelle Code 8 = Mi-8 (or Z-8???)
Code 4 = Z-11 Code 9 = Z-9 (AS-365)
· Note there is some relationship between the code and the aircraft type (e.g., Code 5 = Z-5, Code 8 = Mi-8, Code 9 = Z-9, etc.). When there is more than one digit in the equipment designator, one of these digits is the designator (e.g, Code 3 = Sa-342, Code 7 = Mi-17). The code for the Z-8 (SA-321) is unknown, but from the above it might be 8, especially as the Mi-8 is being phased out. It is reported that 4 digit tail numbers are being converted to 5 digit ones. If so, the conversion is not yet understood.
·
· 127th Amphibious Mechanized Infantry Division (Experimental): The 127th Amphibious Mechanized Infantry Division, based near Guangzhou (Canton), is an experimental organization. It is associated with the Sixth Army Aviation Regiment at San Shui. Other Rapid Deployment Force Divisions are probably associated with other Aviation Regiments in their part of the country.
· Regimental Organization: Army Aviation Corps Regiments normally have three squadrons (?flying units?) which typically operate 8-12 machines. The aircraft, however, actually belong to a single ?maintenance unit? which issues the machines to the squadrons as required. A squadron can theoretically operate more machines if there are enough aircraft and pilots available. The word the Chinese prefer to translate ?squadron? better corresponds to the English ?flight.?
· Data Sources: This considers information from standard reference books from 1989-2002 including IISS Military Balance, Jane?s All the World?s Aircraft, Jane?s Fighting Ships, Brassey?s Combat Aircraft of the World, The International Directory of Military Aircraft and the Aerospace Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. It also considers databases by Rick Kramer and Andy Chan as well as articles in the military and aviation trade press, news articles and web articles which the writer has collected in extensive files, also since 1989. The data is somewhat confusing and contradictory and requires interpretation. There are indications that the long decline in equipment numbers significantly reversed in 2002. The rate of acquisition and integration of new equipment also appears to have accelerated moderately since 1999.
Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Assets
Aviation Corps | Air Force | Navy Airforce
Send feedback to sidtrevethan@juno.com
The PLA Air Force
Table of Organization
Revision 2
· General: Most PLAAF fixed wing aircraft were ostensibly organized into 50 Air Divisions, numbered without gaps from 1 to 50. [The 46th Air Division may never have formed. It has never been located and there do not appear to be identification codes available for it]. The number of regular Air Divisions is now being reduced. At least two have combined with other divisions. At least two have become training divisions. Three appear to have become reserve Air Divisions. Seven others have apparently disbanded (although they may continue to exist as reserve or training organizations, or they may have combined assets with another division). If those 15 divisions are subtracted from the nominal total of 49 active divisions, there should be 34 remaining. However, some analysts state there are only 33 active divisions, while IISS lists 44. In addition, PLAAF support aircraft, both fixed wing and rotary wing, are organized into an unknown number of Independent [Air] Regiments and Special Air Units. Some, or all, of these units have simple Arabic number identifications. There were historically four types of Air Divisions: Fighter Divisions; Attack Divisions, Bomber Divisions and Transport Divisions. The PLAAF was historically triangular, except a significant number of fighter and light transport regiments had four line squadrons. Also, each line regiment has a training squadron. The PLAAF is now converting to a mixed organization where most Air Regiment will have two line squadrons and a training squadron. In addition, many air divisions have only two active regiments. Some divisions have a reserve regiment, some have only two regiments, while still others have a fourth line regiment. There are also indications reserve air units may have been reactivated in 2002, although it is not clear if that is temporary? This analysis concludes there are 34 active and 3 reserve Air Divisions in 2002 while at least 2 others exit but are no longer line units.
· The 48th Air Division: The 48th Air Division was based at Leiyang in Guangzhou Province. It operated the 144th (composite) tanker regiment with one PLAAF and one PLANAF squadron, each composed of 10 L-6 tankers. These are converted H-6 (Tu-16) bombers. Experiments with a converted Y-8 transport (to become an L-8 tanker) concluded these aircraft are too slow for PLAAF operational requirement. The 48th Air Division was unusual in that it conducted joint operations with the PLANAF on a routine basis. It has now disbanded, and the 144th Air Regiment has transferred to the 8th Bomber Division, apparently at Datong. If the PLAAF intended to create another tanker regiment, presumably the 48th Air Division would not have been deactivated.
· Aircraft Identification Numbers (Air Divisions): The PLAAF uses a complex aircraft number identification scheme on all fixed wing aircraft. For aircraft assigned to Air Divisions, the first digit (of five) is ALWAYS a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 7. The fourth (second to last) digit combines with the first digit to indicate the Air Division [and therefor the base(s)] to which the aircraft is normally assigned. PLANAF aircraft assigned to Air Divisions the first digit 8. But while the PLANAF fourth digit simply is the (navy) Air Division number, the PLAAF uses both the first and fourth digits in a coded way. For the First through Ninth Air Divisions, the first digit is always a 1. Simply subtract 1 from the fourth digit (where 0 has the value 10) to yield the Air Division number. For the 10th through 19th Air Divisions, the first digit is always a 3. Combine the first and fourth digits and subtract 21 to obtain the Air Division number. [Note Code 3xx0x means 19th Division. Typical of PLAAF codes, 0 = 10, so 30 has the value 40, and 40-21=19.] For the 21st through 29th Air Divisions, the first digit is always a 2. Simply subtract 1 from the combined first and fourth digits to get the Air Division number. [Note Code 2xx0x means 29th division, using reasoning described above.] For the 31st through the 39th Air Divisions, the first digit is always a 5. Combine the first and fourth digits and subtract 21 to obtain the Air Division number. For the 41st through 43rd Air Divisions, the first digit is always a 4. Simply subtract 1 from the combined first and fourth digits to get the Air Division number. The 44th Air Division has two codes, 4xx5x (which fits the pattern) and 4xx6x (which violates the pattern), one for each of its two bases. The 47th through 49th Air Divisions must subtract 2 from the combined first and fourth digits to get the Air Division number. Finally, the 50th Air Division has the first digit 7 and the 4 digit 0, also violating the general pattern. The second digit in the code identifies which regiment in the division the aircraft belongs to. Fighter regiments USUALLY use 1 for the first regiment, 2 for the second regiment. Bomber regiments USUALLY subtract 1 from these values, where 0 is the first regiment, 1 the second and 2 the third. SOMETIMES fighters use the bomber code. Sometimes some regiments will use codes which are 3 or even 6 too high. This is to permit different kinds of aircraft to be segregated by type. The other digits specify a particular aircraft.
· Aircraft Identification Numbers (Independent Air Regiments): The PLAAF appears to use a similar aircraft identification scheme for all aircraft, including rotary wing, assigned to Independent Air Regiments and Independent Air Units. The first digit indicates the service of the air unit using the following scheme: 2 = civil aircraft; 3 = PLAAF aircraft; 4 = China United Airline (paramilitary) aircraft; 5, 6, 7 = PLAAF aircraft; 8 = PLAAC aircraft; 9 = PLANAF aircraft. A first digit of 0 MAY indicate PLAAC aircraft, or it may be reserved for small detachments of any service. A first digit of 1 may signify an evaluation unit. The second digit may be the regiments actual number, but this are not always the case. The other digits identify a specific aircraft in the air unit. Note at least some units using this designation system operate missiles rather than aircraft. Note that many recon aircraft appear to be assigned to Independent Air Regiments/Air Units.
· New Aircraft and Unit Conversion: The PLAAF is now buying the J-11 (Su-27) 4th generation fighter, its Su-30 ground attack variant (designation unknown, possibly JH-11), its trainer variant (designation presumably JJ-11), the J-8IID fighter, the JZ-8 recon aircraft, and the H-6H medium bomber. Production of support aircraft appears to include the L-8 tanker, the Y-5 and Y-7H (ex Y-14) transports, the CJ-6 trainer (replacements only), and Z-9A helicopters. It is reported in some sources that the FCB-1/JH-7A and J-10 are in production and ?more than two dozen are in PLAAF service.? Intentions for the FC-1 project are unclear: some sources indicate this is an export only project while others estimate 300-500 PLAAF orders. It appears that Fighter Divisions will convert to an organization with one or two fighter regiments and one fighter bomber regiment. It appears that Bomber Divisions will convert to all cruise missile armed variants. It may be that Attack Divisions will be phased out after a period in reserve. However, Q-5 Attack Divisions may convert to Fighter Divisions. Purchases, and large-scale deliveries in 2002, of Su-27, Su-27 UBK and Su-30 have resulted in more than 250 airframes of this family to exist in China. Negotiations to buy the Tu-22M have collapsed. Development of the H-9 supersonic bomber is protracted. It appears that more A-50AEW will also be obtained.
· Bomber Air Divisions: The PLAAF operates three Bomber Air Divisions (8th, 10th. & 36th). All operate variants of the H-6 (Tu-16 Badger) medium bomber, the newest of which carry air to surface missiles. All appear to be organized into two regiments of two squadrons of ten aircraft each. It is assumed that each regiment also has a training squadron of CJ-6 trainers, as this is standard PLAAF practice. These Air Divisions are associated with dispersal fields, recon units and, since 1999, tankers. They routinely operate with other air force and navy Bomber Air Divisions. They are not reported to have any air-refueling capability, but H-6 bombers and tankers have operated together three times in 2002 and it may be some H-6 can be refueled. H-6 do NOT have any low level attack capability. Chinese operators have become ?expert at daylight bombing and competent at all weather bombing operations from high altitude? according to an unclassified USAF analysis. The development of new standoff missiles and continuing production indicates this bomber will remain in service until a replacement becomes available.
· Recon Aircraft: Historically, all PLAAF recon assets have been fighter type aircraft assigned to Independent Air Regiments (Recon). Each Air Corps is assigned one or more Recon Regiments. Other commands may be assigned a Recon Regiment. The production and deployment of the current generation JZ-8 has begun. This may be expected to replace older JZ-6s in some units. Other units will probably be deactivated or disbanded.
· AEW and ELINT Aircraft: It is now reported that the PLAAF has possession of 2 A-50 [Il-76AEW] aircraft. At least 2 more will be obtained. Some sources estimate as many as 6 more will be obtained. There is also a unit operating 4 Tu-154ELINT aircraft. This impressive, if modest capability, is consistent with other PLAAF policies to be able to prosecute a limited, local war of short duration.
· Transport Air Divisions: Most or all civil aircraft in China are organized to operate under PLAAF control upon mobilization. However, apparently only aircraft operated by the para-military (PLAAF owned) China United Air Lines are routinely attached to PLAAF Transport Air Divisions to support actual military operations in combat areas. On the other hand, civil aircraft have been used to transport military units in non-combat situations (for example, the Tienanmen Square suppression operation). The air transport resources of the PLAAF are modest. However, the total air transport resources of the PRC is impressive. Their routine organization to support the PLAAF upon mobilization indicates a massive airlift capability exists which should not be underestimated.
· PLAAF Rotary Wing Assets: The PLAAF operates about 170 helicopters. Most are obsolescent Z-5 (Mi-4) models. There are also 40 Mi-8 (redesigned and jet engine powered Mi-4) transports, and 20 Z-9 (procurement continuing) trainers. Finally, there are 10 western built Bell 214 and 6 AS-332 in a VIP squadron. Most PLAAF helicopters were transferred to the PLAAC in 1989.
· Training Aircraft: Each PLAAF air regiment normally has a training squadron equipped with trainers. All pilots in the regiment may normally fly unlimited hours in the trainer and about 150 hours a year in type trainers of the training unit. Independent Air Regiments either have no training squadron, or they operate only the standard turboprop CJ-6 (PT-6). Independent Air Units normally have no trainers. China is developing a jet trainer, but this is apparently only for export. Most Fighter and Attack Air Divisions operate two seat variants of fighter aircraft (designated JJ-x) in addition to the CJ-6. There are also a few specialized JH-5 bomber trainers. Bomber Air Divisions do not appear to operate bomber trainers. IISS reports the existence of a ?JL-8? (transport?) trainer, but this is apparently an error. The PLAAF is transforming its training programs and squadron leaders commonly have 4,000+ logged flight hours. The training regime lasts 8 years, 4 in training units and 4 in conversion units or regimental training squadrons.
· PLAAF J-7E: This aircraft has ?HUD, air data computer, radar warning receiver, PL-7 missiles (4 underwing pylons)? and is otherwise a relatively advanced version of the MiG-21 derivative fighter. It may be able to operate with drop tanks, similar the PLANAF J-7E of the Fourth (Naval) Air Division. They are also operated by the PLAAF Air Demonstration Team. No longer being acquired because about J-8IID and J-11 are being acquired. The J-7E might be encountered in expert hands. It is considered to be ?clearly superior? to the Su-27 in close combat maneuvering
· Data Sources: This considers information from standard reference books from 1989-2002 including, a Boeing study dating from 2000, IISS Military Balance, Jane?s All the World?s Aircraft, Jane?s Fighting Ships, Brassey?s Combat Aircraft of the World, The International Directory of Military Aircraft and the Aerospace Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. It also considers articles in the military and aviation trade press, news articles and web articles which the writer has collected in extensive files, also since 1989. The data is somewhat confusing and contradictory and requires interpretation. There are indications that the long decline in equipment numbers significantly reversed in 2002. The rate of acquisition and integration of new equipment also appears to have accelerated moderately since 1999.
Aviation Corps | Air Force | Navy Airforce
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The PLA Air Force
Table of Organization
Revision 2
· General: Most PLAAF fixed wing aircraft were ostensibly organized into 50 Air Divisions, numbered without gaps from 1 to 50. [The 46th Air Division may never have formed. It has never been located and there do not appear to be identification codes available for it]. The number of regular Air Divisions is now being reduced. At least two have combined with other divisions. At least two have become training divisions. Three appear to have become reserve Air Divisions. Seven others have apparently disbanded (although they may continue to exist as reserve or training organizations, or they may have combined assets with another division). If those 15 divisions are subtracted from the nominal total of 49 active divisions, there should be 34 remaining. However, some analysts state there are only 33 active divisions, while IISS lists 44. In addition, PLAAF support aircraft, both fixed wing and rotary wing, are organized into an unknown number of Independent [Air] Regiments and Special Air Units. Some, or all, of these units have simple Arabic number identifications. There were historically four types of Air Divisions: Fighter Divisions; Attack Divisions, Bomber Divisions and Transport Divisions. The PLAAF was historically triangular, except a significant number of fighter and light transport regiments had four line squadrons. Also, each line regiment has a training squadron. The PLAAF is now converting to a mixed organization where most Air Regiment will have two line squadrons and a training squadron. In addition, many air divisions have only two active regiments. Some divisions have a reserve regiment, some have only two regiments, while still others have a fourth line regiment. There are also indications reserve air units may have been reactivated in 2002, although it is not clear if that is temporary? This analysis concludes there are 34 active and 3 reserve Air Divisions in 2002 while at least 2 others exit but are no longer line units.
· The 48th Air Division: The 48th Air Division was based at Leiyang in Guangzhou Province. It operated the 144th (composite) tanker regiment with one PLAAF and one PLANAF squadron, each composed of 10 L-6 tankers. These are converted H-6 (Tu-16) bombers. Experiments with a converted Y-8 transport (to become an L-8 tanker) concluded these aircraft are too slow for PLAAF operational requirement. The 48th Air Division was unusual in that it conducted joint operations with the PLANAF on a routine basis. It has now disbanded, and the 144th Air Regiment has transferred to the 8th Bomber Division, apparently at Datong. If the PLAAF intended to create another tanker regiment, presumably the 48th Air Division would not have been deactivated.
· Aircraft Identification Numbers (Air Divisions): The PLAAF uses a complex aircraft number identification scheme on all fixed wing aircraft. For aircraft assigned to Air Divisions, the first digit (of five) is ALWAYS a 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 7. The fourth (second to last) digit combines with the first digit to indicate the Air Division [and therefor the base(s)] to which the aircraft is normally assigned. PLANAF aircraft assigned to Air Divisions the first digit 8. But while the PLANAF fourth digit simply is the (navy) Air Division number, the PLAAF uses both the first and fourth digits in a coded way. For the First through Ninth Air Divisions, the first digit is always a 1. Simply subtract 1 from the fourth digit (where 0 has the value 10) to yield the Air Division number. For the 10th through 19th Air Divisions, the first digit is always a 3. Combine the first and fourth digits and subtract 21 to obtain the Air Division number. [Note Code 3xx0x means 19th Division. Typical of PLAAF codes, 0 = 10, so 30 has the value 40, and 40-21=19.] For the 21st through 29th Air Divisions, the first digit is always a 2. Simply subtract 1 from the combined first and fourth digits to get the Air Division number. [Note Code 2xx0x means 29th division, using reasoning described above.] For the 31st through the 39th Air Divisions, the first digit is always a 5. Combine the first and fourth digits and subtract 21 to obtain the Air Division number. For the 41st through 43rd Air Divisions, the first digit is always a 4. Simply subtract 1 from the combined first and fourth digits to get the Air Division number. The 44th Air Division has two codes, 4xx5x (which fits the pattern) and 4xx6x (which violates the pattern), one for each of its two bases. The 47th through 49th Air Divisions must subtract 2 from the combined first and fourth digits to get the Air Division number. Finally, the 50th Air Division has the first digit 7 and the 4 digit 0, also violating the general pattern. The second digit in the code identifies which regiment in the division the aircraft belongs to. Fighter regiments USUALLY use 1 for the first regiment, 2 for the second regiment. Bomber regiments USUALLY subtract 1 from these values, where 0 is the first regiment, 1 the second and 2 the third. SOMETIMES fighters use the bomber code. Sometimes some regiments will use codes which are 3 or even 6 too high. This is to permit different kinds of aircraft to be segregated by type. The other digits specify a particular aircraft.
· Aircraft Identification Numbers (Independent Air Regiments): The PLAAF appears to use a similar aircraft identification scheme for all aircraft, including rotary wing, assigned to Independent Air Regiments and Independent Air Units. The first digit indicates the service of the air unit using the following scheme: 2 = civil aircraft; 3 = PLAAF aircraft; 4 = China United Airline (paramilitary) aircraft; 5, 6, 7 = PLAAF aircraft; 8 = PLAAC aircraft; 9 = PLANAF aircraft. A first digit of 0 MAY indicate PLAAC aircraft, or it may be reserved for small detachments of any service. A first digit of 1 may signify an evaluation unit. The second digit may be the regiments actual number, but this are not always the case. The other digits identify a specific aircraft in the air unit. Note at least some units using this designation system operate missiles rather than aircraft. Note that many recon aircraft appear to be assigned to Independent Air Regiments/Air Units.
· New Aircraft and Unit Conversion: The PLAAF is now buying the J-11 (Su-27) 4th generation fighter, its Su-30 ground attack variant (designation unknown, possibly JH-11), its trainer variant (designation presumably JJ-11), the J-8IID fighter, the JZ-8 recon aircraft, and the H-6H medium bomber. Production of support aircraft appears to include the L-8 tanker, the Y-5 and Y-7H (ex Y-14) transports, the CJ-6 trainer (replacements only), and Z-9A helicopters. It is reported in some sources that the FCB-1/JH-7A and J-10 are in production and ?more than two dozen are in PLAAF service.? Intentions for the FC-1 project are unclear: some sources indicate this is an export only project while others estimate 300-500 PLAAF orders. It appears that Fighter Divisions will convert to an organization with one or two fighter regiments and one fighter bomber regiment. It appears that Bomber Divisions will convert to all cruise missile armed variants. It may be that Attack Divisions will be phased out after a period in reserve. However, Q-5 Attack Divisions may convert to Fighter Divisions. Purchases, and large-scale deliveries in 2002, of Su-27, Su-27 UBK and Su-30 have resulted in more than 250 airframes of this family to exist in China. Negotiations to buy the Tu-22M have collapsed. Development of the H-9 supersonic bomber is protracted. It appears that more A-50AEW will also be obtained.
· Bomber Air Divisions: The PLAAF operates three Bomber Air Divisions (8th, 10th. & 36th). All operate variants of the H-6 (Tu-16 Badger) medium bomber, the newest of which carry air to surface missiles. All appear to be organized into two regiments of two squadrons of ten aircraft each. It is assumed that each regiment also has a training squadron of CJ-6 trainers, as this is standard PLAAF practice. These Air Divisions are associated with dispersal fields, recon units and, since 1999, tankers. They routinely operate with other air force and navy Bomber Air Divisions. They are not reported to have any air-refueling capability, but H-6 bombers and tankers have operated together three times in 2002 and it may be some H-6 can be refueled. H-6 do NOT have any low level attack capability. Chinese operators have become ?expert at daylight bombing and competent at all weather bombing operations from high altitude? according to an unclassified USAF analysis. The development of new standoff missiles and continuing production indicates this bomber will remain in service until a replacement becomes available.
· Recon Aircraft: Historically, all PLAAF recon assets have been fighter type aircraft assigned to Independent Air Regiments (Recon). Each Air Corps is assigned one or more Recon Regiments. Other commands may be assigned a Recon Regiment. The production and deployment of the current generation JZ-8 has begun. This may be expected to replace older JZ-6s in some units. Other units will probably be deactivated or disbanded.
· AEW and ELINT Aircraft: It is now reported that the PLAAF has possession of 2 A-50 [Il-76AEW] aircraft. At least 2 more will be obtained. Some sources estimate as many as 6 more will be obtained. There is also a unit operating 4 Tu-154ELINT aircraft. This impressive, if modest capability, is consistent with other PLAAF policies to be able to prosecute a limited, local war of short duration.
· Transport Air Divisions: Most or all civil aircraft in China are organized to operate under PLAAF control upon mobilization. However, apparently only aircraft operated by the para-military (PLAAF owned) China United Air Lines are routinely attached to PLAAF Transport Air Divisions to support actual military operations in combat areas. On the other hand, civil aircraft have been used to transport military units in non-combat situations (for example, the Tienanmen Square suppression operation). The air transport resources of the PLAAF are modest. However, the total air transport resources of the PRC is impressive. Their routine organization to support the PLAAF upon mobilization indicates a massive airlift capability exists which should not be underestimated.
· PLAAF Rotary Wing Assets: The PLAAF operates about 170 helicopters. Most are obsolescent Z-5 (Mi-4) models. There are also 40 Mi-8 (redesigned and jet engine powered Mi-4) transports, and 20 Z-9 (procurement continuing) trainers. Finally, there are 10 western built Bell 214 and 6 AS-332 in a VIP squadron. Most PLAAF helicopters were transferred to the PLAAC in 1989.
· Training Aircraft: Each PLAAF air regiment normally has a training squadron equipped with trainers. All pilots in the regiment may normally fly unlimited hours in the trainer and about 150 hours a year in type trainers of the training unit. Independent Air Regiments either have no training squadron, or they operate only the standard turboprop CJ-6 (PT-6). Independent Air Units normally have no trainers. China is developing a jet trainer, but this is apparently only for export. Most Fighter and Attack Air Divisions operate two seat variants of fighter aircraft (designated JJ-x) in addition to the CJ-6. There are also a few specialized JH-5 bomber trainers. Bomber Air Divisions do not appear to operate bomber trainers. IISS reports the existence of a ?JL-8? (transport?) trainer, but this is apparently an error. The PLAAF is transforming its training programs and squadron leaders commonly have 4,000+ logged flight hours. The training regime lasts 8 years, 4 in training units and 4 in conversion units or regimental training squadrons.
· PLAAF J-7E: This aircraft has ?HUD, air data computer, radar warning receiver, PL-7 missiles (4 underwing pylons)? and is otherwise a relatively advanced version of the MiG-21 derivative fighter. It may be able to operate with drop tanks, similar the PLANAF J-7E of the Fourth (Naval) Air Division. They are also operated by the PLAAF Air Demonstration Team. No longer being acquired because about J-8IID and J-11 are being acquired. The J-7E might be encountered in expert hands. It is considered to be ?clearly superior? to the Su-27 in close combat maneuvering
· Data Sources: This considers information from standard reference books from 1989-2002 including, a Boeing study dating from 2000, IISS Military Balance, Jane?s All the World?s Aircraft, Jane?s Fighting Ships, Brassey?s Combat Aircraft of the World, The International Directory of Military Aircraft and the Aerospace Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. It also considers articles in the military and aviation trade press, news articles and web articles which the writer has collected in extensive files, also since 1989. The data is somewhat confusing and contradictory and requires interpretation. There are indications that the long decline in equipment numbers significantly reversed in 2002. The rate of acquisition and integration of new equipment also appears to have accelerated moderately since 1999.
Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Assets
Aviation Corps | Air Force | Navy Airforce
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The PLA Navy Air Force
Table of Organization
Revision 3.2
· General: PLANAF fixed wing combat aircraft were historically organized into 10 Air Divisions, numbered without gaps from 1 to 10. PLANAF support aircraft, both fixed wing and rotary wing, are organized into Naval Independent Regiments, numbered from 1 to 10, probably without gaps. There were historically two types of Air Divisions: Fighter Divisions and Bomber Divisions. The PLANAF was historically triangular, except where a small number of specialist aircraft did not allow this. The PLANAF is now converting to a binary organization where each Air Division will have two regiments and each regiment will have two squadrons. Formations with older aircraft retain triangular organization. Formations with newer aircraft may retain deactivated units with older aircraft in reserve status.
· The First Air Division: Neither the base location nor the aircraft associated with the First Air Division is reported in any open source material. It is assigned to the North Sea Fleet and it must historically have been a Fighter Division. A statistical analysis of aircraft assigned to other divisions and the total number in service indicates this unit may still be a standard Fighter Division equipped with J-6 and J-5 aircraft. A map analysis of the North Sea Fleet area indicates this unit may be based at Dailan (Luda).
· Aircraft Identification Numbers (Air Divisions): The PLANAF uses a simple and logical aircraft number identification scheme on all fixed wing combat aircraft. The first (of five) digits is ALWAYS an 8 if the aircraft is assigned to a PLANAF air division. The second digit is ALWAYS indicates which regiment (1st, 2nd or 3rd) of the division the aircraft is assigned to. The fourth (second to last) digit ALWAYS indicates the division [and therefor the base(s)] the aircraft is assigned to. This fourth digit is in fact the air division number itself, except that 0 is used for the 10th division. This system is integrated with the PLAAF aircraft numbering scheme in the sense that there are always five digits and no PLAAF aircraft number begins with 8. But while the PLAAF first and fourth digits combined DO indicate the division to which an aircraft is assigned, they do so in a coded way. [Decoded in PLAAF report]. Also, in the PLAAF, the second digit historically can be zero, if a 4th regiment is in the division.
· Aircraft Identification Numbers (Independent Naval Regiments): The PLANAF may use a similar aircraft identification scheme for all aircraft, including rotary wing, assigned to Independent Naval Regiments. The first digit of the four digit series is always a 9. The second digit of the series appears to indicate the regiment. The last two digits of the four digit series appear to identify a specific aircraft. This system is integrated with the PLAAF and Chinese civil air unit identification scheme in the sense that air organizations smaller than air divisions have four digit identification numbers and no such number begins with 9.
· New Aircraft and Unit Conversion: The PLANAF is now buying the J-8IID fighter and JH-7 fighter/attack aircraft for its Fighter Air Divisions. It appears that the new standard Fighter Division will be one regiment of two squadrons of 10 J-8s plus one regiment of two squadrons of 10 JH-7s. [A third regiment of older aircraft may be in reserve.] The old standard organization appears to have been two regiments of three squadrons of J-5s and J-6s. At some point one of these regiments had its J-6s replaced with Q-5s (a MiG-19 derivative). These older divisions, with the exception of the 4th, now appear to have only a single active fighter regiment of two squadrons plus one Q-5 regiment of two squadrons. Military reports indicate the PLANAF is buying about one H-6D new production ASM variants each year. Aviation industry reports that only the H-6H is in production make it more likely new planes are H-6H, also a cruise missile carrier. The PLANAF is also investing in development of the J-8III fighter, the J-10II fighter bomber and the FC-1 II fighter-attack aircraft.
· Bomber Air Divisions: The PLANAF operates three Bomber Air Divisions. All of these operate the old H-5T (unlicensed copies of the Il-18 torpedo armed variant of Soviet origin). The 10th ONLY operates the H-5T, so it might be termed an attack air division. IISS data indicates this unit may have reduced to two active regiments. Like the 4th Fighter Air Division, this unit remains triangular, operating a regiment at a different base from the rest of the division. The other two Bomber Air Divisions operate two regiments with a single squadron of H-6D bombers each of which carries two anti-shipping air launched cruise missiles. The Second Bomber Air Division operates from Sanya (Yulin International Airport). This base was the first joint PLAAF/PLANAF operating base. There are reports that the older (non-cruise missile) Navy H-6As have been converted to tankers. While still Navy owned, they operate from Leiyang with the PLAAF 48th Division. If correct, this is the second joint PLAAF/PLANAF operating base. It appears that cruise missile armed PLAAF H-6s can be assigned to the Second Bomber Division for combat operations over the South China Sea or the East China Sea. Less is known about the 3rd Bomber Air Division, based at the Shanghaiguan air base, but presumably it would supervise long range operations in the Yellow Sea or the Sea of Japan.
· Fighter Air Divisions: Fighter Air Divisions now operate one regiment of fighters and one regiment of attack aircraft. However, these attack aircraft have a secondary air defense mission, and capability. The Q-5I was modified for Naval service by fitting it with a ranging radar and AAMs. In addition, it was fitted to carry two C-801 cruise missiles or two torpedoes. These aircraft are designated Q-5IN here (uniquely) to distinguish them from standard Q-5Is in the PLAAF and other air forces. These modifications were so successful they were incorporated into the Q-5II by the PLAAF. Similarly, the JH-7 has the ability to carry AAMs, SSMs and possibly torpedoes.
· Patrol Aircraft: Historically, all PLANAF patrol assets have been assigned to the North Sea Fleet, with aircraft detached to other fleets as required. The Chinese Navy operates a squadron of 4 locally manufactured PS-5 flying boats. [A fifth aircraft often reported is an attrition spare and has never been used operationally. A flying prototype never outfitted with electronics also exists as a water bomber in civil service. Finally, there is or was a non-flying prototype.] These are relatively traditional four engine flying boats with surface search radars and some intercept equipment. They are known to operate from Qingdao, HQ of the North Sea Fleet. They were supplemented by 4 ex-Soviet Be-6 (Madge), which seem to have been retired. [One exists as a museum piece]. These aircraft belong to the First Naval Independent Regiment.
· AEW and ELINT Aircraft: It is now reported that the PLANAF is operating 4 Y-8X (modified An-12 transports with AN APS-504 radars) in the maritime reconnaissance/ELINT role. They are known to carry sonabouys and IR detection gear. A further 4 Y-8J (also equipped with AN APS-504 radars, a total of 8 having been purchased) are operated by the PLANAF (apparently with less intercept equipment) as AEW aircraft. The Y-8X patrol variants could also be used in the AEW role. This combination of equipment and aircraft gives the PLANAF an impressive, if modest, patrol, signal intercept and radar warning capability. More than adequate for peacetime requirements, nevertheless these assets are insufficient to sustain operational wartime attrition for more than a short period. These aircraft belong to the Third Naval Independent Regiment.
· The PLANAF Future Carrier Air Group: All pilots of PLANAF Fighter Air Divisions are required to ?carrier qualify? at an airfield on a mock-up of HMAS Melbourne?s flight deck. [HMAS Melbourne was scrapped in China]. For this reason, it appears likely that PLAN carriers may operate aircraft from these air units, rather than dedicated carrier air groups (which have not appeared, even though two carriers are reported under construction in Shanghai). It is reported that these carriers are designed to operate about 48 aircraft . In this context, it is interesting to note that the new Fighter Air Division will have 40 active aircraft: 20 J-8II fighters and 20 JH-7 fighter/attack aircraft. The PLANAF appears to prefer the FC-1 (?Fighter China?) project to the J-11 (Su-27) as a future aircraft. [The FC-1, designed with assistance from MiG, is similar to the MiG-33, a single engine development of the MiG-29. It is designed to replace the J-6 and Q-5 at reasonable cost, having only one engine.] If this aircraft is indeed adopted, it is possible that future Fighter Air Divisions might operate about 20 J-10 or FC-1 and 20 JH-7.
· PLANAF Carriers: While three graving docks have been built at Shanghai large enough for the new (reportedly 48,000 ton) carriers, only two seem to have been laid down. [Janes Fighting Ships 2001-2002 is listing only one]. While three graving docks are sufficient to build six carriers in 6-9 years, actually doing so is probably cost prohibitive. Since no dedicated carrier air groups are being organized, and since PLANAF Fighter Air Divisions are being required to ?carrier qualify? it appears that they will provide the air groups for the first generation of Chinese aircraft carriers. There are apparently five such divisions. [If the First Air division is a Fighter Air Division and if the 10th Bomber Air Division is eventually converted to a Fighter Air Division, there would be seven such divisions.] Given that the air defense of bases and naval units over the entire length of the Chinese coast remains, it appears likely that there is no medium term requirement to outfit a large number of carriers. Instead, it seems likely the two ships under construction will be the first generation of Chinese carriers. Note that the use ability of all PLANAF fighter units to land on and fly off carriers is unique in history.
· PLANAF Rotary Wing Assets: The PLANAF operates about 56 ASW helicopters (16 KA-28 Helix, 16 Z-8, 24 Z-9C). There are also 18 transport helicopters (12 Mi-8, 6 Z-5) plus 8 SAR (4 Z-8, 4 Ka-28) in PLANAF service. The ASW helicopters are operated in small detachments assigned to ships and shore bases. Presumably the Mi-8s are operated by a squadron, but specific details and basing is not known. Approximately 29 PLANAF helicopters are not armed, operating in utility and search and rescue modes. These include an experimental AEW Z-9 variant. Z-9C serve Luda DDGs. Ka-28 serve Luhai and Sovremenny
· Training Aircraft: Each PLAAF air regiment normally has a training squadron equipped with trainers. Training in air academies normally lasts 48 months. Pilots then spend 48-60 months training with air divisions before becoming ?third class pilots.? All pilots in the regiment may normally fly unlimited hours in the PT-6 trainer and about 150 hours in type trainers of the training unit. PLANAF training organization and practice is unknown as such. However, the types of trainers in the PLANAF imply a that a similar policy (a long period in the training establishment) is probably in place. It is known that the 7th Air Division operates training aircraft.
· PLANAF J-7E: Photographic evidence indicates that the J-7E in PLANAF service has drop tanks for extended range missions. This aircraft has ?HUD, air data computer, radar warning receiver, PL-7 missiles (4 underwing pylons)? and is otherwise a rewinged variant of the J-7. All PLANAF J-7E are operated by the 12th Regiment of the 4th Air Division. There is also a detachment of 4 JJ-7 trainers. No longer being acquired because about 12 J-8IID are being acquired per year. The J-7E is flown by the air demonstration team and might be encountered in expert hands. It is considered to be ?clearly superior? to the Su-27 in close combat maneuvering.
· Joint Tanker Operations: The PLANAF operates two aircraft capable of air refueling. The J-8IID and the Q-5 can be refueled from tankers converted from old H-6 bombers by the PLAAF. Operations and exercises involving air refueling are routine in the South Sea Fleet. It is certain that no less than 10 such tanker conversions existed in 2000 (when they were flown at 50th anniversary celebrations). It is reported that the Navy has converted its 7 old H-6 bombers, retained a loaned PLAAF ?HL-6? tanker, and obtained two additional air force conversions. This group of 10 tankers, while still ?owned? by the Navy, operated with the PLAAF 144th Regiment which was assigned to the 48th Air Division at Leiyang. The 48th Air Division is reported to have consolidated with the PLAAF 8th Air Division by transferring the 144th regiment to Datong. It is also reported that Il-78 tankers are on order. It is not known if any of these are for the Navy. This joint operating base/unit insures that both services have tankers available for operations in or near SE China while sharing the costs. An L-6 tanker can refuel a total of four smaller aircraft, two at a time.
· Regimental Organization: The Chinese term ?flying unit? is translated as ?squadron.? The term the Chinese like to translate ?squadron? corresponds to the Western word ?flight.? [There are typically up to five ?squadrons? per ?flying unit.?] Each regiment is organized as two to four ?flying units? plus a ?maintenance unit.? Technically, ?flying units? do not have any aircraft. Rather the ?maintenance unit? owns the planes and issues them as required. PLAAF regiments also normally have a ?training unit? which operates basic and advanced trainers. It appears the PLANAF may have concentrated its training assets in the Seventh Air Division. The listing of aircraft ?assigned? to squadrons in the database is a nominal maximum. In fact, a ?flying unit? typically launches one flight of two (large) or four (small) aircraft on a mission. Launching two flights on the same mission is exceptional. But it is not impossible a single ?flying unit? could launch three flights on a single mission, if pilots and aircraft were available, especially on the first day of operations.
· Data Sources: This considers information from standard reference books from 1989-2002 including IISS Military Balance, Jane?s All the World?s Aircraft, Jane?s Fighting Ships, Brassey?s Combat Aircraft of the World, Combat Fleets of the World 2002-2003, The International Directory of Military Aircraft and the Aerospace Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. It also considers articles in the military and aviation trade press, news articles and web articles which the writer has collected in extensive files, also since 1989. The data is somewhat confusing and contradictory and requires interpretation. There are indications that the long decline in equipment numbers significantly reversed in 2002. The rate of acquisition and integration of new equipment also appears to have accelerated moderately since 1999.
· Aircraft Identification Numbers (Minor Units): Prototype aircraft have two digit identification numbers. In PLANAF service (unlike the PLAAF) these two digits are preceded by the model (e.g. J8II01). If the PLANAF were to assign pre-production aircraft to an evaluation unit, they would have three digit identification numbers.
Aviation Corps | Air Force | Navy Airforce
Send feedback to sidtrevethan@juno.com
The PLA Navy Air Force
Table of Organization
Revision 3.2
· General: PLANAF fixed wing combat aircraft were historically organized into 10 Air Divisions, numbered without gaps from 1 to 10. PLANAF support aircraft, both fixed wing and rotary wing, are organized into Naval Independent Regiments, numbered from 1 to 10, probably without gaps. There were historically two types of Air Divisions: Fighter Divisions and Bomber Divisions. The PLANAF was historically triangular, except where a small number of specialist aircraft did not allow this. The PLANAF is now converting to a binary organization where each Air Division will have two regiments and each regiment will have two squadrons. Formations with older aircraft retain triangular organization. Formations with newer aircraft may retain deactivated units with older aircraft in reserve status.
· The First Air Division: Neither the base location nor the aircraft associated with the First Air Division is reported in any open source material. It is assigned to the North Sea Fleet and it must historically have been a Fighter Division. A statistical analysis of aircraft assigned to other divisions and the total number in service indicates this unit may still be a standard Fighter Division equipped with J-6 and J-5 aircraft. A map analysis of the North Sea Fleet area indicates this unit may be based at Dailan (Luda).
· Aircraft Identification Numbers (Air Divisions): The PLANAF uses a simple and logical aircraft number identification scheme on all fixed wing combat aircraft. The first (of five) digits is ALWAYS an 8 if the aircraft is assigned to a PLANAF air division. The second digit is ALWAYS indicates which regiment (1st, 2nd or 3rd) of the division the aircraft is assigned to. The fourth (second to last) digit ALWAYS indicates the division [and therefor the base(s)] the aircraft is assigned to. This fourth digit is in fact the air division number itself, except that 0 is used for the 10th division. This system is integrated with the PLAAF aircraft numbering scheme in the sense that there are always five digits and no PLAAF aircraft number begins with 8. But while the PLAAF first and fourth digits combined DO indicate the division to which an aircraft is assigned, they do so in a coded way. [Decoded in PLAAF report]. Also, in the PLAAF, the second digit historically can be zero, if a 4th regiment is in the division.
· Aircraft Identification Numbers (Independent Naval Regiments): The PLANAF may use a similar aircraft identification scheme for all aircraft, including rotary wing, assigned to Independent Naval Regiments. The first digit of the four digit series is always a 9. The second digit of the series appears to indicate the regiment. The last two digits of the four digit series appear to identify a specific aircraft. This system is integrated with the PLAAF and Chinese civil air unit identification scheme in the sense that air organizations smaller than air divisions have four digit identification numbers and no such number begins with 9.
· New Aircraft and Unit Conversion: The PLANAF is now buying the J-8IID fighter and JH-7 fighter/attack aircraft for its Fighter Air Divisions. It appears that the new standard Fighter Division will be one regiment of two squadrons of 10 J-8s plus one regiment of two squadrons of 10 JH-7s. [A third regiment of older aircraft may be in reserve.] The old standard organization appears to have been two regiments of three squadrons of J-5s and J-6s. At some point one of these regiments had its J-6s replaced with Q-5s (a MiG-19 derivative). These older divisions, with the exception of the 4th, now appear to have only a single active fighter regiment of two squadrons plus one Q-5 regiment of two squadrons. Military reports indicate the PLANAF is buying about one H-6D new production ASM variants each year. Aviation industry reports that only the H-6H is in production make it more likely new planes are H-6H, also a cruise missile carrier. The PLANAF is also investing in development of the J-8III fighter, the J-10II fighter bomber and the FC-1 II fighter-attack aircraft.
· Bomber Air Divisions: The PLANAF operates three Bomber Air Divisions. All of these operate the old H-5T (unlicensed copies of the Il-18 torpedo armed variant of Soviet origin). The 10th ONLY operates the H-5T, so it might be termed an attack air division. IISS data indicates this unit may have reduced to two active regiments. Like the 4th Fighter Air Division, this unit remains triangular, operating a regiment at a different base from the rest of the division. The other two Bomber Air Divisions operate two regiments with a single squadron of H-6D bombers each of which carries two anti-shipping air launched cruise missiles. The Second Bomber Air Division operates from Sanya (Yulin International Airport). This base was the first joint PLAAF/PLANAF operating base. There are reports that the older (non-cruise missile) Navy H-6As have been converted to tankers. While still Navy owned, they operate from Leiyang with the PLAAF 48th Division. If correct, this is the second joint PLAAF/PLANAF operating base. It appears that cruise missile armed PLAAF H-6s can be assigned to the Second Bomber Division for combat operations over the South China Sea or the East China Sea. Less is known about the 3rd Bomber Air Division, based at the Shanghaiguan air base, but presumably it would supervise long range operations in the Yellow Sea or the Sea of Japan.
· Fighter Air Divisions: Fighter Air Divisions now operate one regiment of fighters and one regiment of attack aircraft. However, these attack aircraft have a secondary air defense mission, and capability. The Q-5I was modified for Naval service by fitting it with a ranging radar and AAMs. In addition, it was fitted to carry two C-801 cruise missiles or two torpedoes. These aircraft are designated Q-5IN here (uniquely) to distinguish them from standard Q-5Is in the PLAAF and other air forces. These modifications were so successful they were incorporated into the Q-5II by the PLAAF. Similarly, the JH-7 has the ability to carry AAMs, SSMs and possibly torpedoes.
· Patrol Aircraft: Historically, all PLANAF patrol assets have been assigned to the North Sea Fleet, with aircraft detached to other fleets as required. The Chinese Navy operates a squadron of 4 locally manufactured PS-5 flying boats. [A fifth aircraft often reported is an attrition spare and has never been used operationally. A flying prototype never outfitted with electronics also exists as a water bomber in civil service. Finally, there is or was a non-flying prototype.] These are relatively traditional four engine flying boats with surface search radars and some intercept equipment. They are known to operate from Qingdao, HQ of the North Sea Fleet. They were supplemented by 4 ex-Soviet Be-6 (Madge), which seem to have been retired. [One exists as a museum piece]. These aircraft belong to the First Naval Independent Regiment.
· AEW and ELINT Aircraft: It is now reported that the PLANAF is operating 4 Y-8X (modified An-12 transports with AN APS-504 radars) in the maritime reconnaissance/ELINT role. They are known to carry sonabouys and IR detection gear. A further 4 Y-8J (also equipped with AN APS-504 radars, a total of 8 having been purchased) are operated by the PLANAF (apparently with less intercept equipment) as AEW aircraft. The Y-8X patrol variants could also be used in the AEW role. This combination of equipment and aircraft gives the PLANAF an impressive, if modest, patrol, signal intercept and radar warning capability. More than adequate for peacetime requirements, nevertheless these assets are insufficient to sustain operational wartime attrition for more than a short period. These aircraft belong to the Third Naval Independent Regiment.
· The PLANAF Future Carrier Air Group: All pilots of PLANAF Fighter Air Divisions are required to ?carrier qualify? at an airfield on a mock-up of HMAS Melbourne?s flight deck. [HMAS Melbourne was scrapped in China]. For this reason, it appears likely that PLAN carriers may operate aircraft from these air units, rather than dedicated carrier air groups (which have not appeared, even though two carriers are reported under construction in Shanghai). It is reported that these carriers are designed to operate about 48 aircraft . In this context, it is interesting to note that the new Fighter Air Division will have 40 active aircraft: 20 J-8II fighters and 20 JH-7 fighter/attack aircraft. The PLANAF appears to prefer the FC-1 (?Fighter China?) project to the J-11 (Su-27) as a future aircraft. [The FC-1, designed with assistance from MiG, is similar to the MiG-33, a single engine development of the MiG-29. It is designed to replace the J-6 and Q-5 at reasonable cost, having only one engine.] If this aircraft is indeed adopted, it is possible that future Fighter Air Divisions might operate about 20 J-10 or FC-1 and 20 JH-7.
· PLANAF Carriers: While three graving docks have been built at Shanghai large enough for the new (reportedly 48,000 ton) carriers, only two seem to have been laid down. [Janes Fighting Ships 2001-2002 is listing only one]. While three graving docks are sufficient to build six carriers in 6-9 years, actually doing so is probably cost prohibitive. Since no dedicated carrier air groups are being organized, and since PLANAF Fighter Air Divisions are being required to ?carrier qualify? it appears that they will provide the air groups for the first generation of Chinese aircraft carriers. There are apparently five such divisions. [If the First Air division is a Fighter Air Division and if the 10th Bomber Air Division is eventually converted to a Fighter Air Division, there would be seven such divisions.] Given that the air defense of bases and naval units over the entire length of the Chinese coast remains, it appears likely that there is no medium term requirement to outfit a large number of carriers. Instead, it seems likely the two ships under construction will be the first generation of Chinese carriers. Note that the use ability of all PLANAF fighter units to land on and fly off carriers is unique in history.
· PLANAF Rotary Wing Assets: The PLANAF operates about 56 ASW helicopters (16 KA-28 Helix, 16 Z-8, 24 Z-9C). There are also 18 transport helicopters (12 Mi-8, 6 Z-5) plus 8 SAR (4 Z-8, 4 Ka-28) in PLANAF service. The ASW helicopters are operated in small detachments assigned to ships and shore bases. Presumably the Mi-8s are operated by a squadron, but specific details and basing is not known. Approximately 29 PLANAF helicopters are not armed, operating in utility and search and rescue modes. These include an experimental AEW Z-9 variant. Z-9C serve Luda DDGs. Ka-28 serve Luhai and Sovremenny
· Training Aircraft: Each PLAAF air regiment normally has a training squadron equipped with trainers. Training in air academies normally lasts 48 months. Pilots then spend 48-60 months training with air divisions before becoming ?third class pilots.? All pilots in the regiment may normally fly unlimited hours in the PT-6 trainer and about 150 hours in type trainers of the training unit. PLANAF training organization and practice is unknown as such. However, the types of trainers in the PLANAF imply a that a similar policy (a long period in the training establishment) is probably in place. It is known that the 7th Air Division operates training aircraft.
· PLANAF J-7E: Photographic evidence indicates that the J-7E in PLANAF service has drop tanks for extended range missions. This aircraft has ?HUD, air data computer, radar warning receiver, PL-7 missiles (4 underwing pylons)? and is otherwise a rewinged variant of the J-7. All PLANAF J-7E are operated by the 12th Regiment of the 4th Air Division. There is also a detachment of 4 JJ-7 trainers. No longer being acquired because about 12 J-8IID are being acquired per year. The J-7E is flown by the air demonstration team and might be encountered in expert hands. It is considered to be ?clearly superior? to the Su-27 in close combat maneuvering.
· Joint Tanker Operations: The PLANAF operates two aircraft capable of air refueling. The J-8IID and the Q-5 can be refueled from tankers converted from old H-6 bombers by the PLAAF. Operations and exercises involving air refueling are routine in the South Sea Fleet. It is certain that no less than 10 such tanker conversions existed in 2000 (when they were flown at 50th anniversary celebrations). It is reported that the Navy has converted its 7 old H-6 bombers, retained a loaned PLAAF ?HL-6? tanker, and obtained two additional air force conversions. This group of 10 tankers, while still ?owned? by the Navy, operated with the PLAAF 144th Regiment which was assigned to the 48th Air Division at Leiyang. The 48th Air Division is reported to have consolidated with the PLAAF 8th Air Division by transferring the 144th regiment to Datong. It is also reported that Il-78 tankers are on order. It is not known if any of these are for the Navy. This joint operating base/unit insures that both services have tankers available for operations in or near SE China while sharing the costs. An L-6 tanker can refuel a total of four smaller aircraft, two at a time.
· Regimental Organization: The Chinese term ?flying unit? is translated as ?squadron.? The term the Chinese like to translate ?squadron? corresponds to the Western word ?flight.? [There are typically up to five ?squadrons? per ?flying unit.?] Each regiment is organized as two to four ?flying units? plus a ?maintenance unit.? Technically, ?flying units? do not have any aircraft. Rather the ?maintenance unit? owns the planes and issues them as required. PLAAF regiments also normally have a ?training unit? which operates basic and advanced trainers. It appears the PLANAF may have concentrated its training assets in the Seventh Air Division. The listing of aircraft ?assigned? to squadrons in the database is a nominal maximum. In fact, a ?flying unit? typically launches one flight of two (large) or four (small) aircraft on a mission. Launching two flights on the same mission is exceptional. But it is not impossible a single ?flying unit? could launch three flights on a single mission, if pilots and aircraft were available, especially on the first day of operations.
· Data Sources: This considers information from standard reference books from 1989-2002 including IISS Military Balance, Jane?s All the World?s Aircraft, Jane?s Fighting Ships, Brassey?s Combat Aircraft of the World, Combat Fleets of the World 2002-2003, The International Directory of Military Aircraft and the Aerospace Encyclopedia of World Aircraft. It also considers articles in the military and aviation trade press, news articles and web articles which the writer has collected in extensive files, also since 1989. The data is somewhat confusing and contradictory and requires interpretation. There are indications that the long decline in equipment numbers significantly reversed in 2002. The rate of acquisition and integration of new equipment also appears to have accelerated moderately since 1999.
· Aircraft Identification Numbers (Minor Units): Prototype aircraft have two digit identification numbers. In PLANAF service (unlike the PLAAF) these two digits are preceded by the model (e.g. J8II01). If the PLANAF were to assign pre-production aircraft to an evaluation unit, they would have three digit identification numbers.
JANE'S DEFENCE WEEKLY - DECEMBER 11, 2002
China launches new stealth fighter project
YIHONG CHANG JDW Correspondent
Zhuhai
The Shenyang Aircraft Company has been selected to head research and development of a new heavyweight fighter for China's People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF), according to a senior source at the China Aviation Industry Corp I (AVIC I).
Development of the engines and weapon subsystems for the fourth-generation fighter has been under way for some time, according to the source, who revealed that a number of design concepts have already been created. Wind-tunnel tests of these are about to start, including the two configurations pictured here. They show a twin-engine aircraft sharing some design traits with Lockheed Martin's stealthy F/A-22 multirole fighter, now undergoing tests with the US Air Force, such as the internal carriage of its weapon systems. The Chinese designs retain a more conventional wing, however, and use a single vertical tail fin.
AVIC I officials told Jane's Defence Weekly that the new aircraft - tentatively dubbed the J-X and possibly to receive the service designation J-13A - could use the WS10A turbofan engine designed by the Shenyang Liming Motor Company during its development and trials process.
In development for more than a decade, the WS10-series power plant completed air trials earlier this year with an Su-27SK (NATO reporting name: 'Flanker-B') fighter. The WS10A is scheduled for introduction with the PLAAF's new J-10A fighter, which has yet to be formally unveiled.
Continuing research into advanced control techniques is expected to in time allow the air force to field WS10A-powered J-10A and J-X fighters equipped with thrust-vectoring nozzles offering improved aircraft manoeuvrability.
Chinese television has shown images of President Jiang Zemin inspecting this project. The concepts indicate that the thrust-vectoring nozzle can be deflected by up to ?5?in any direction. Perfecting thrust-vectoring flight is one of the key aviation development programmes within Beijing's current five-year plan - a cap ability tipped to "improve the J-10A's short take-off and landing performance and [enable it to] attain the manoeuvrability standard of the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter", said one industry source.
An assessment of potential multi-function fire-control radar systems for the new stealth fighter is also under way, with candidates including China's indigenous Type 1473 design. According to an industry source, this has a search distance of 150km and can track up to 15 targets, attacking between six and eight of them simultaneously. The design is currently undergoing upgrade to allow for the integration of a phased-array antenna.
Another option is the Russian Zhemchung system, which could allow a future naval variant of the J-10A to deploy advanced weapons such as the Kh-31A (AS-17: 'Krypton') medium-range anti-ship missile. In addition to planning its own active and passive phased-array antenna design, China is giving consideration to Russia's Pero active antenna, and has also already received 20 980mm slotted antenna sets from Russia.
While AVIC I sources will not speculate when the new fighter might make its first test flight, a debut around the end of the decade could be expected if the project matches the development process for China's J-10A and J-8D projects. Further impetus has been placed on the new programme, however, through Zemin's encouragement that relevant weapons and technologies be acquired from Russia and Ukraine. Zemin has also committed future funding for the J-X concept's continued development.
In a related development, an authorative source within China's military industry has also confirmed to JDW that the air force's first 10 AL-31FN-engined J-10A fighters were deployed with the country's Nanjing Military Command during August 2002 for training activities. The PLAAF's first two-seat J-10B fighters will enter manufacture next year, featuring enhanced air-to-ground and maritime attack capabilities.
Airshow China 2002 - China's new turbojet engine
ROBERT KARNIOL JDW Asia-Pacific Editor
Y-8X Cub
During the 4th Zhuhai Airshow, Shannxi Aircraft Industry Corporation (SAC) unveiled its new Y-8X medium transport design which is still on the drawing board. Even though the aircraft was designated as a Y-8/An-12 derivative, it appears to be largely a new design, with new fuselage, tail section, advanced avionics and engines. The aircraft features a new C-130 style forward fuselage which houses a 2-crew glass cockpit similar to Y-8F600 with digital electronics such as EFIS, FMS and GPS/INS. Its 4 high efficency 6-blade composite propellers and low fuel consumption turboprop engines give Y-8X a higher cruising speed and a longer range, compared to the old Y-8s. It is still unclear whether the turboprop engine will be a domestic design or imported from a foreign country. However Ukrainian assistance is expected since Antonov OKB has reached an agreement with SAC to help to develop Y-8F600 civilian transport aircraft. Some specifictions: max TO weight 81t, max commercial load 30t, max level speed 660km/h, cruising speed 570km/h, ceiling 11,500m, max range 2,500km (commercial load), max range 6,680km (16t load). For air-drop missions it can carry 132 paratroopers. The overall performance of Y-8X is broadly comparable to C-130J and A400M but still inferior to An-70. The emergence of Y-8X project suggests that China has decided to rely on her own aviation industry and is unlikely to procure any An-70s from Ukraine.
Fighters
http://www.stormpages.com/jetfight/F-7_J-7_J-8.htm
http://www.stormpages.com/jetfight/J-10_J-11_FC-1.htm
Attack Aircraft
http://www.stormpages.com/jetfight/q-5_jh-7_h-6.htm
052C 170 Lanzhou
Rumored as a 7,000t class fleet air-defense DDG armed with a Chinese Aegis system to be built at Dalian Shipyard, this new type of DDG (Type 052C or Type 052BK?) is actually being constructed at Jiangnan Shipyard, the same place where two 052B DDGs are still being fitted. This indicates that 052 series have adopted a modular design so that different variants with different primary missions can be built quickly with standardized modules. Even though 052C appears generally similar to 052B, the biggest difference lies with the 4 fixed phased array antennas embedded in the walls of the foreward superstructure on 4 sides. Among them, two antennas are covering the forward hemisphere while the other two are covering the rear hemisphere. The same arragement can be found onboard the US Arleigh Burke class DDG and Japanese Kongo class DDG. As the result, unlike 052B, two Type 730 CIWS are relocated to the raised platform in front of bridge and on top of the rear helicopter hanger. The installation of 4 phased array antennas indicates that 052C will certainly be the first Chinese DDG equipped with the new vertically launched HHQ-9 long-range SAM system, instead of the Russian RIF-M/S-300F system, which utilizes a single Tombstone phased array radar. The forward VLS station (6 revolver launchers? 6x6) is likely to be between the forward CIWS platform and the main gun, while the rear VLS station (2 revolver launchers? 2x6) likely to be forward and forward right of the helicopter hanger. Two quadruple semi-cylindical racks are located between the rear mast and the helicopter hanger which could support the new YJ-12 long-range supersonic SSM. The ship is also expected to have a new generation of Aegis-like combat data system. Currently three 052Cs are being constructed (170-172?) with the first ship being launched on April 29, 2003. All 4 PAR antennas were seen being covered by some kind of protecting shields while the intallation being carried out inside. The building of two 052Bs and two 052Cs in such a short time frame reflects PLAN's urgent need to upgrade its obsolete air-defense systems of its surface combat ships. There have been rumors suggesting that an even bigger design dubbed 051C (8,000t class) based on 051B is being planned to be built at Dalian Shipyard. This class, possibly featuring the RIF-M/S-300F SAM system acquired from Russia, will further enhance PLAN's air-defense capability of its surface combat ships alongside 052B and 052C.
http://www.stormpages.com/jetfight/luhai_luhu_luda.htm
China has apparently been working on an aircraft carrier program since the early 1980s, and as part of this effort a F-8 Chinese fighter was reportedly shot off of a steam catapult at the Lushun naval base in 1987.
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/lushun.htm
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/cv.htm
CHINA'S CARRIER OF CHANCE
By Richard D. Fisher, Jr.
Text
China Carrier
Text
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/lushun.htm
http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/china/cv.htm
CHINA'S CARRIER OF CHANCE
By Richard D. Fisher, Jr.
Text
China Carrier
Text
Crappopotamus
Golden Member
the chinese have been catching up really fast in all aspects. i say give china 5-10 more years and their military technology will be about on par with the us technology. plus it is REDICULOUSLY LARGE.
agreed with the stupidness. both sides would take HUGE losses and nukes would probably be busted out.
i wanna know who planavy was...no n00b could have known about this thread. And a lurker wouldnt bump it.
Regs
Lifer
China does not play a global role like the united states. They do not need a highly developed army. If it was not for the US and UN/Nato the world would still be highly unstable with actually empires with actual imperialism willing to envade other countries. What's with this United States is "Imperialistic" bs? Would you rather the old Soviet Union to do all the military action for you? Have them invade your country, kill millions of citizens because they did not want the communist rule, and then raze cities. That is imperialism. Hitler, Stalin, Napoleon. How the hell can you compare the United States with those countries?
MadRat
Lifer
The idea that China has any strength in the water is laughable. The Chinese threat is purely from its emerging local markets fueled by a relatively low-debt technology-deprived economy. The virgin markets of China are some of the last markets left unexplored by the West.
Aircraft carriers in China will be no more potent than ones fielded by India. Booya, the Chinese carrier has pretty turbojet-powered airplanes and big radar antennas. Unfortunately the American frigate had satellite imagery, tomahawk cruise missiles, and a Seahawk helicopter. The Chinese navy would be destroyed by a buzzsaw it never saw coming.
Aircraft carriers in China will be no more potent than ones fielded by India. Booya, the Chinese carrier has pretty turbojet-powered airplanes and big radar antennas. Unfortunately the American frigate had satellite imagery, tomahawk cruise missiles, and a Seahawk helicopter. The Chinese navy would be destroyed by a buzzsaw it never saw coming.
MadRat
Lifer
I smell dung. A door prize to the first gumshoe who tells Alistar7 why his "A B2 stealth bomber of TODAY could take that factory out AND SIX identical in size BY ITSELF within @ 1000 miles IN ONE MISSION" is full of crap. Hint: Russian inspection of U.S. bombers that carry cruise missiles...
Unless something has changed recently, the B-2 is using non-standoff weapons for a very important reason.
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