In 1917,
Albert Einstein established the theoretical foundations for the laser and the
maser in the paper
Zur Quantentheorie der Strahlung (On the Quantum Theory of Radiation); via a re-derivation of
Max Planck's law of radiation, conceptually based upon probability coefficients (
Einstein coefficients) for the absorption, spontaneous emission, and stimulated emission of electromagnetic radiation; in 1928,
Rudolf W. Ladenburg confirmed the existences of the phenomena of stimulated emission and negative absorption;
[11] in 1939, Valentin A. Fabrikant predicted the use of stimulated emission to amplify "short" waves;
[12] in 1947,
Willis E. Lamb and R. C. Retherford found apparent stimulated emission in hydrogen spectra and effected the first demonstration of stimulated emission;
[11] in 1950,
Alfred Kastler (Nobel Prize for Physics 1966) proposed the method of
optical pumping, experimentally confirmed, two years later, by Brossel, Kastler, and Winter.
[13]