Originally posted by: desy
Most petroleum geologists prefer theories of oil formation which hold that oil originated in shallow seas as vast quantities of marine plankton which died and sank into the mud at the bottom under anaerobic conditions that prevented biodegradation. Under these conditions, anaerobic bacteria converted the lipids (fats, oils and waxes) into a waxy substance called kerogen.
As the source rock was buried deeper, overburden pressure raised temperatures into the oil window, between 60 and 120 degrees C, in which thermal depolymerization broke up the kerogen molecules into the straight-chain hydrocarbons that make up most of petroleum. Once crude oil formed, it became very fluid, and migrated upward through the rock strata. Eventually it was either trapped in an oil reservoir or oil escaped to the surface and was biodegraded by soil bacteria.