In most PrimeGrid subprojects, including SoB-LLR, there are two types of tasks: "Main tasks" and "Proof tasks". Main tasks are big, proof tasks are small. Main tasks have names like "llrSOB_678901234_0", proof tasks have names like "llrSOB_678943210
c_0". The
c is for "check", because proof tasks are also known as check tasks.
Main tasks do the actual work of testing whether or not the candidate number in the workunit is prime (probable prime, actually). In case of SoB-LLR, the recent average CPU time of getting such a task done is ≈500 hours. (This is an average across all PrimeGrid participants who recently submitted SoB-LLR results. The average includes many old computers and many computers which are not configured well for SoB-LLR. Modern computers need a lot less than this average, if they are properly set up.¹ E.g. ≈1 day using 8 threads, which would be ≈200 hours.) While this task is running, the program performs some self-checks in order to detect and if possible correct errors due to overclocked cores or overclocked RAM or defective RAM or cosmic rays or whatnot. Plus, cryptographic "summaries" of the work done so far are computed periodically during the run time of the task. When the task is finally finished, the client does not only submit the actual result (is the candidate a probable prime, or if not, what's the so-called residue) but also several files with these cryptographic summaries.
Now, somebody has to verify whether or not this result is correct. That's way too much work to be done by the PrimeGrid server, therefore they let volunteers do it. In earlier times (before the crypto bits were added to the program), the server would simply let another participant do the very same computation as the first participant has already done. And if both participants computed that the candidate number is not a probable prime and both participant got the same residue, the PrimeGrid server would assume that both tasks were correctly computed and give credit to both. Or if both reported a probable prime, the PrimeGrid server would assume that both tasks were correctly computed, give credit to both, and either launch an independent primality test with a different algorithm or would let
t5k.org perform such an independent test.
But that's in the past. Nowadays, the server takes the extra intermediate result files which the performer of the main task uploaded and turns them into a cryptographic challenge for another participant. That's the
proof task. This cryptographic proof that the intermediate results and the final result fit together and were apparently computed correctly takes a lot less time than the main task (e.g. ≈25 CPU hours on a very old Xeon, for SoB-LLR proof tasks). When the PrimeGrid server receives the result of this quick proof task and it fits with the result of the main task, the PrimeGrid server assumes that both are correct, assigns credit to both (lots of credit to the main result, respectively little credit² to the proof result because the latter took less effort), and in the unlikely event that a probable prime was found reports it to t5k.org where an independent check is performed.
AFAIK.
________
¹) "Properly set up" = runs not more tasks at once than the processor caches can take; uses as many program threads as necessary for high CPU utilization; avoids program threads being scheduled in different last level cache domains in computers which have segmented last level CPU caches.
²) At this early point in the ongoing PrimeGrid challenge, all results which count towards the challenge are ones from proof tasks, with ≈1,100 points per result. It will take a while until we see first results of main tasks in the challenge; these will receive ≈140,000 points per result, or maybe ≈150,000 points even.