How to stop increases in the underlying cost of medical care?
Total health care spending in the United States is expected to reach $4.8 trillion in 2021, up from $2.6 trillion in 2010 and $75 billion in 1970. To put it in context, this means that health care spending will account for nearly 20 percent of gross domestic product (GDP), or one-fifth of the U.S. economy, by 2021
Why is U.S. health care spending so high?
According to National Health Expenditure data, the growth in premiums tracked directly with the underlying cost of medical care from 2000-2010 a trend that has been consistent for decades.9
Compared to other Organization of Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) nations, hospital spending in the U.S. is more than 60 percent higher.
Spending on physicians, specialists and dentists is almost 2 ½-times higher than in other OECD countries.10
Hospital cost increases
The newly formed Health Care Cost Institute has found that rising prices for care were the chief driver of health care costs for privately insured Americans in 2011. Spending on health care services climbed 4.6 percent in 2011, well above the 3.8 percent growth rate found for 2010 and higher than expected for 2011. Prices rose for all major categories of health care, such as hospital stays and surgical procedures, but rose fastest for outpatient care.
An increasingly important factor driving hospital price increases is consolidation of the hospital industry. Hospital mergers and acquisitions jumped by 33 percent between 2009 and 2010. Research shows that hospital market concentration leads to increases in the price of hospital care. In fact, price increases exceeded 20 percent when mergers occurred in concentrated markets.
Data show that after hospital spending the next biggest contributor to overall spending growth between 2005 and 2009 was the increase in physician and clinical service costs. These costs accounted for 18 percent of total growth or $229 per person over the five-year period.14
Medical technology
The increasing cost of medical technology is a significant contributor to higher health care spending. The implementation of new medical technology accounts for between 38 percent and 65 percent of health care spending increases. New technology expands the range of treatment options available to patients, but it does by replacing lower-cost options with higher-cost services.
Waste
Wasteful spending likely accounts for between one-third and one-half of all U.S. health care spending. PricewaterhouseCoopers calculates that up to $1.2 trillion, or half of all health care spending, is the result of waste.16
An Institute of Medicine (IOM) report estimated unnecessary health spending totaled $750 billion in 2009 alone.17
The biggest area of excess is defensive medicine, including redundant, inappropriate or unnecessary tests and procedures. Other factors that contribute to wasteful spending include non-adherence to medical advice and prescriptions, alcohol abuse, smoking and obesity.
Unhealthy lifestyles
The growing burden of chronic diseases adds significantly to escalating health care costs. Researchers predict a 42 percent increase in chronic disease cases by 2023.
Much of this cost is preventable, since many chronic conditions are linked to unhealthy lifestyles. For example, obesity accounts for an estimated 12 percent of the health spending growth in recent years.
Aging population
Life expectancy in the U.S. reached 77.9 years in 2007, up significantly from 62.9 years in 1940.20
Individuals who are age 65 or older, who spend much more on health care services than younger people, will comprise nearly one-fifth of the population by 2050.
Profits
Insurance industry profits are not a significant driver of health insurance premiums. A Yahoo Finance analysis places the health insurance sectors average profit margin in 2012 at just 4.5 percent.
Average profit margin
major drug manufacturers, 16.7 percent;
medical instrument and supply companies, 13.6 percent; biotechnology, 11.9 percent;
medical appliance and equipment companies, 13.7 percent.
Administrative costs represent less than 2 percent of health care spending growth. Private insurance administrative costs are actually comparable to Medicares administrative costs when comparing similar services. In 2009, private payers expended $12.51 per member per month versus $13.19 for Medicare.