Global Government is inevitable. The issues as to why are indicated in the quote given by the OP. All issues that transcend National Borders and no Nation can address them themself and likewise if certain Nations don't address them it doesn't matter how many others do. The Opposition to such an idea lie basically in 2 Camps:
1) Religious people concerned about Prophetic utterences. Vague words lead to vague conclusions. Those conclusions have been very different over the centuries, changing as the Political tastes of those types have changed, but that often means sticking to a particular interpretation for many Generations. For a very long time, for eg, the Pope was the epitomy of evil in the World, the Anti-Christ. A few still adhere to that, but most have dropped it as it never came to pass. Many these days are turning towards the UN as Anti-Christ or where the Anti-Christ will gain power.
The consistency in these beliefs lie at the heart, some form of Global Dictatorship and a quick read of Revelations would seem to indicate a fairly nasty Dictatorship. It's kind of difficult to ascertain which is nastier though, the Dictatorship or the Judgement of "God" which gets increasingly nastier until all Life is at risk of Extinction. Despite the alleged evil of the Dictatorship the actual evidence against the Dictator seems even more vague than the Judgements against the Dictator. Some things are mentioned, but they are all things that have existed since Time began(for Humans). For some reason "God" just decides enough-is-enough and proceeds on a Killing Spree?
2) Nationalists. Those who fear the demise of the Nation-State. The Nation-State is not really that old of a concept or, more accurately, current Western Nation-States are not very old, the oldest being 5-7 Centuries. Prior to them many small City-States existed which eventually gathered together due to common interest to form what eventually became todays Nations(I have skipped over transitional organization--Counties, etc for sake of time). History clearly shows the continuous process of Political organizing of those with common interest into ever-larger organizations to best realize/organize those interests.
It should be noted that as increasing Realms grew larger from 1 City---many Cities----Nation State, instead of all previous City Governments being replaced, there was simply a New Government formed above all those whose tasks were primarily to oversee those Issues which were the most Common amongst the Cities. Those being, Defense from Invaders for the most part, but also Transportation routes for Trade, and the like. Internal City concerns were still mintained by the original City Government and continue to be so to this day.
Thus as it is when concerning our current or future Transition from Nation State to(let's call it) Global State. The Nation doesn't cease to exist nor does it cease to basically function the way it currently does, except for some Issues, it merely becomes less Dominant, no longer the pinnacle of Power to which an Individuals Priviledge/Responsibility extends. What differs between Nation State and Global State is that the Global State concerns itself primarily with issues of Common Interest amongst Nations. This brings us back to the OP's quoted portion, issues such as Pollution, Trade, and the like. It is clear that such a transition is necessary, at some point.
Part 2(the Edit)
It doesn't just go from one level of Government to the next in 1 step. As previously mentioned there are Transitional phases that occur of extened periods of time before such a transition is complete. Cities first made agreements amongst each other, perhaps financing/builing/maintaining Trade Routes or agreeing to come to each others aid if Attacked and other such agreements. These lead to the creation of some kind of Governing structure that included Both or All of the Cities in the Agreement. As time progressed not only did Individual Cities join these established organizations, but various organizations began to join each other as well and, as any Manager knows, once member numbers reach a certain level, it becomes increasingly difficult to effectively run an organization. It then became necessary to make another kind of Governing Structure.
In more recent times the same transitional process has been occuring amongst Nation States for quite some time now. Centuries ago most Nation States were quite self contained, carrying out War on their own(not always, but most of the time) and such. Begining early in the 20th Century that really began to change though. Nations increasingly banded together for many reasons, such as Defense, Trade, etc. Some were rather temporary arrangements, Allies/Axis during the WWs, while others were more permanent League of Nations/United Nations, World Bank, G7, NATO/Warsaw Pact, etc. Clearly the transitional process is in play and the inevitable need for a new Governing structure is apparent.
Cliffs
-it is inevitable
-History shows a progression
-we are continuing that progression
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