Regarding Taxation...
First, I'd redefine corporations to be un-people and un-taxable for both federal and state taxation...
Second, I'd eliminate all the rules and codes and what not that pertain to taxation of any kind and start over.
I'd establish a few interesting surtax features that pay for ad hoc endeavors. One of these might be: War. Long term infrastructure would be properly funded out of LTdebt. All folks above some poverty line plus 50 % would pay for this. And it would be intended to cover the cost not part of the general fund budget.
Stimulus efforts that make fiscal/monetary sense needed during a recession or like that would be funded out of debt but with the intention to break even within the economic cycle or that too becomes an ad hoc surtax event.
Taxation would only be placed on people and only those earning over poverty plus 50% and it would be progressive up to 75% on income of any kind whatsoever. The rates would be set to cover the mandated outflow, the military, and government operations. (debt service is in mandated as is SSA etc.) in a phased in 15 year period to a point where at that 15 year mark the budgeted outflows are covered by the revenue inflows.
No marriage or kid or any kind of credit against taxation... You earn what you earn and pay based on that... regardless of the source.
Legislation would be offered to insure the SSA is maintained and the retirement age would be 68. The amount would be poverty plus a few percent. You'd not be eligible for SSA if working. SSA is also considered 'earning'.
Health care I've not figured out yet... but it would be something with restrictions and options sorta like in some European places.... You as an individual can purchase above this basic policy but the basic one like medicare has to be reworked big time...