A Beaten Country
 Apart from the moral questions involved, were the atomic bombings  militarily necessary? By any rational yardstick, they were not. Japan  already had been defeated militarily by June 1945. Almost nothing was  left of the once mighty Imperial Navy, and Japan's air force had been  all but totally destroyed. Against only token opposition, American war  planes ranged at will over the country, and US bombers rained down  devastation on her cities, steadily reducing them to rubble.
 What was left of Japan's factories and workshops struggled fitfully  to turn out weapons and other goods from inadequate raw materials. (Oil  supplies had not been available since April.) By July about a quarter of  all the houses in Japan had been destroyed, and her transportation  system was near collapse. Food had become so scarce that most Japanese  were subsisting on a sub-starvation diet.
 On the night of March 9-10, 1945, a wave of 300 American bombers  struck Tokyo, killing 100,000 people. Dropping nearly 1,700 tons of  bombs, the war planes ravaged much of the capital city, completely  burning out 16 square miles and destroying a quarter of a million  structures. A million residents were left homeless.
 On May 23, eleven weeks later, came the greatest air raid of the  Pacific War, when 520 giant B-29 "Superfortress" bombers unleashed 4,500  tons of incendiary bombs on the heart of the already battered Japanese  capital. Generating gale-force winds, the exploding incendiaries  obliterated Tokyo's commercial center and railway yards, and consumed  the Ginza entertainment district. Two days later, on May 25, a second  strike of 502 "Superfortress" planes roared low over Tokyo, raining down  some 4,000 tons of explosives. Together these two B-29 raids destroyed  56 square miles of the Japanese capital.
 Even before the Hiroshima attack, American air force General Curtis  LeMay boasted that American bombers were "driving them [Japanese] back  to the stone age." Henry H. ("Hap") Arnold, commanding General of the  Army air forces, declared in his 1949 memoirs: "It always appeared to  us, atomic bomb or no atomic bomb, the Japanese were already on the  verge of collapse." This was confirmed by former Japanese prime minister  Fumimaro Konoye, who said: "Fundamentally, the thing that brought about  the determination to make peace was the prolonged bombing by the  B-29s."