Memorization flash cards 1's through 10's. Obviously 4x8 was memorized about the same time as 8x4 because going through the cards, they reinforced each other. When I was in second grade I had the toughest time with 9's until my dad taught me that 9's are easy to check, at least up until 10s. The solution digits add to 9 and the largest order of magnitude digit is one less than the number multiplied by 9. (E.g. 9*2 = 18; to check if that is correct, 1+8=9 and 2-1=1, thus 18 is a solution in the 9's table and because 18 begins with the digit 1, it is the correct choice from the table. Alternatively, if you didn't know what to guess out of nervousness when given for example, 9*7, you would do 7-1=6, then 9-6=3, the the answer must be 63.) After that point, they were all memorized. Being able to have some logical understanding of the 9's helped bolster memorization of the 9's by way of the combination of blind memorization and practice of basic two-step mental arithmetic. Beyond 10's were done by hand and then memorized through overuse up through 15's.