How anti-piracy screws over people who buy PC games

Page 2 - Seeking answers? Join the AnandTech community: where nearly half-a-million members share solutions and discuss the latest tech.

LordGestle

Senior member
Jan 2, 2001
764
0
0
Sorry for the generic tone of the post but I copied from another post I made. I feel the same way and have purchased all my games ( I have 2 320 ring CD binders for old games and have about 2+ large bins full with recent purchases). I hate to admit it I have a ton of games that I bought but never played. Compare that to people who pirate that play but may never buy. The last few years have made people that obtain games via legitamate methods end up having the most headaches. Do I turn to piracy? Nope, I just avoid buying/playing games at the same rate and migrated more towards consoles (outside of RTS games). Huge change in the last 2 years and I have been an active PC gamers since the release of Doom 1. I think in the last 12 months I only made 3 pc game purchase which were COH Expansion, COD4 (both PC and Xbox), and Orange Box (PC and Xbox). On the Xbox I probably purchased at least 10-12 games.

Here were my thoughts on Copy protection.


Actually I don't need to get used to DRM, I simply avoid buying/playing any more PC games. I buy all my games, if you could only see the piles of boxes in the garage my wife nags me about (some even unopened). However, my issue is with the mechanism.

A) CD Checks. That was fine with me. Don't have an issue with checking my CD to make sure I purchased it. Still it was nice for those titles without, but it was fine for the time.

B) CD Keys. This was to prevent people from bypassing the CD Checks, so now we got this mechanism. Early on it was fun trying to figure out if you had O (Letter) or 0 with several variances in between. Either case it was fine for the time and was only used for install.

C) CD Key via online. So not only was the 2 above not getting the job done, now we need to verify when we start the game and/or play multiplayer. My favorite was with Farcry and if you exited a game you would need to wait roughly 5-10 minutes so your key would be released before you could join a new server.

D) DRM: Now not only is the 3 above not doing the job, now we need to install additional software on your computer to make sure your not circumventing, guess what, the CD check.

E) Online Verification: Now not only do we need all 4 of the above, but we need to add online verification so we can inconvenience you with all 4 including this additional measure. Oh BTW, if you swap out hardware frequently you need to jump through hoops to be able to play your purchased game. That and early versions, ie HL2, you go out and buy the version on CD/DVD but if you happen not to have broadband, or if the server is getting hammered on new release, your SOL.



So with the console I take it out of the new DVD case, place it in the console, game fricken on!
 

Chosonman

Golden Member
Jan 24, 2005
1,136
0
0
I'm fine with copy protect as long as I'm not inconvenienced by it - (STEAM)

STEAM

STEAM.....
 

Xavier434

Lifer
Oct 14, 2002
10,373
1
0
Originally posted by: LordGestle
Sorry for the generic tone of the post but I copied from another post I made. I feel the same way and have purchased all my games ( I have 2 320 ring CD binders for old games and have about 2+ large bins full with recent purchases). I hate to admit it I have a ton of games that I bought but never played. Compare that to people who pirate they play but may never buy. The last few years have made a people that obtain gains via legitamate methods the people that end up getting the raw deal. Do I turn to piracy? Nope, I just avoid buying/playing games at the same rate and migrated more towards consoles (outside of RTS games). Huge change in the last 2 years and I have been an active PC gamers since the release of Doom 1. I think in the last 12 months I only made 3 pc game purchase which were COH Expansion, COD4 (both PC and Xbox), and Orange Box (PC and Xbox). On the Xbox I probably purchased at least 10-12 games.

Here was my thoughts on Copy protection.


Actually I don't need to get used to DRM, I simply avoid buying/playing any more PC games. I buy all my games, if you could only see the piles of boxes in the garage my wife nags me about (some even unopened). However, my issue is with the mechanism.

A) CD Checks. That was fine with me. Don't have an issue with checking my CD to make sure I purchased it. Still it was nice for those titles without, but it was fine for hte time.

B) CD Keys. This was to prevent people from bypassing the CD Checks, so now we got this mechanism. Early on it was fun trying to figure out if you had O (Letter) or 0 with several variances in between. Either case it was fine for the time and was only used for install.

C) CD Key via online. So not only was the 2 above not getting the job done, now we need to verify when we start the game and/or play multiplayer. My favorite was with Farcry and if you exited a game you would need to wait roughly 5-10 minutes so your key would be released before you could join a new server.

D) DRM: Now not only is the 3 above not doing the job, now we need to install additional software on your computer to make sure your not circumventing, guess what, the CD check.

E) Online Verification: Now not only do we need all 4 of the above, but we need to add online verification so we can inconvenience you with all 4 including this additional measure. Oh BTW, if you swap out hardware frequently you need to jump through hoops to be able to play your purchased game. That and early versions, ie HL2, you go out and buy the version on CD/DVD but if you happen not to have broadband, or if the server is getting hammered on new release, your SOL.



So with the console I take it out of the new DVD case, place it in the console, game fricken on!

Reading this made me happy even though it is really sad. :)
 

Oyeve

Lifer
Oct 18, 1999
22,066
882
126
I have never had a problem with any anti-piracy tactics game maker throw at me. Punkbuster I have issues with. I hate it and it hates me. :)
 

Mem

Lifer
Apr 23, 2000
21,476
13
81
Originally posted by: n7
10/10

My latest example.

I bought Bioshock at launch.

I installed it once.

I now cannot install it again as it brings up some cryptic error.
Searching leads to some insanely complicated process & sending the results to Bioshock just so i can possibly get a fix to play the game.

Take a wild guess how much money 2k will see from me in the future :roll:

I have had no problems with Starforce,SecuROM or Tages,however Bioshock did give me a bit of grief when it was first released,took me over 3 hours before I could even install and play the game due to their activation server being down,not good for a gamer like myself that goes out and buys a retail game,I mean you expect to be able to install and play the game.


Problem is there are no perfect solutions,harder they try to prevent piracy the harder and more problems legit gamers get to run the game ,we all know its the legit gamers that suffer in the end and not the piracy sector.



 

raystorm

Diamond Member
Apr 24, 2001
4,712
2
0
I picked up GRID the other day and I can only play it by going into the dvd drive and double clicking autorun. ..lol I get a nice securom error if I just use the start menu or vista game folder shortcuts. Nice. I probably should have bought the steam version.
 

Czar

Lifer
Oct 9, 1999
28,510
0
0
The only games I buy are on steam, I do it for three reasons.

1. No need to keep cd's, my games are all there
2. Cheaper
3. I will never have any problems of games not working because of drm
 

wanderer27

Platinum Member
Aug 6, 2005
2,173
15
81
Language was a bit excessive, but he pretty much nailed it.

Your only choices:

Don't buy it - you're not supporting DRM, but you aren't helping the Devs either (if the game deserves it).
Buy it - you support the Devs and the DRM, and you may well have issues playing the game.
Pirate it - you support neither, but you're not legit.
Buy it and use Pirate version - You're still supporting both the Devs and the DRM, but you'll probably be able to play without issues.
Buy a used copy and use the Pirate version - You're legit and can play the game, but you're not supporting the Devs or DRM.

Some would add STEAM as a viable method as well, but I prefer to have a hard copy - what happens they go out of business or shut down the servers? Also, look at Bioshock, it still has DRM crap in the STEAM version - why is that necessary?

Consoles? No thanks, I don't need to make room for another appliance and their games are generally more expensive. Also, some systems have been known to eat the CD's/DVD's - so you'll end up buying it again if it's worthwhile.

Right now there are no win-win solutions with DRM.
 

Eeezee

Diamond Member
Jul 23, 2005
9,922
0
76
Originally posted by: ja1484

He's helping the problem.

Yes, he's helping to solve the problem.

If enough people complain about it, publishers will get the hint that shit like like Starforce and SecuROM hurt sales.

Let's break it down logically

1) SecuROM is sometimes an extreme inconvenience to users who buy the games legitimately. If the game has been purchased legitimately, it should work straight out of the box regardless of any additional software or hardware that is on the PC. These games don't work if you have 2 DVD drives. That's bullshit.

2) SecuROM doesn't meet its intended goal. It does not prevent piracy of any kind. You can easily find cracks and full versions of any SecureROM game all over the internet.

3) Using SecuROM costs money; it is a licensed software scheme. PC games didn't increase in price (they've always been $50ish), so this is only increasing development costs.

4) Using SecuROM decreases the number of legitimate purchases. I didn't buy numerous PC games because of this bullshit, including Bioshock and Mass Effect, choosing instead to borrow my friend's copy for the 360. I love these games and would have been happy to purchase them, because I prefer PC gaming. I hate SecuROM though.

5) We can conclude from points 3 and 4 that SecuROM costs a publisher a net loss in income. If fewer people purchase the games due to SecuROM and SecuROM itself costs the publisher money, then clearly this is one piracy scheme that needs to be scrapped. The point of piracy prevention is to increase income, not decrease it.

SecuROM is killing PC gaming. If enough people point out that they are NOT going to buy SecuROM games, then publishers will stop using it.
 

ja1484

Platinum Member
Dec 31, 2007
2,438
2
0
Originally posted by: Zenoth
Originally posted by: ja1484
Originally posted by: Zenoth
Originally posted by: ja1484

He's helping the problem.

Yes, he is helping the problem.

He buys the games, he gives his money to the publishers and developers, that's what they ask for, that's what the law asks for, and the copy-protection that the developers and or publishers decide to use in their games are screwing him and many of other legitimate gamers over. Yes, he is helping the problem by doing the only thing he should do, buying his games. It is NOT his job to actually find and test another method of anti-piracy. What do YOU really except him to do? Apply for a job at SecuROM so he can engineer a new method all by himself?! Be reasonable for a moment.


Yeah, that's what I was saying. Yelling on a vlog helps to solve every problem. Just last week, it brought Jesus back.

Well if you have a better idea go ahead and do it, give SecuROM some flowers and speak to them as if you were either your friends or if your were a politician. Why not applying for a job at SecuROM while you're at it? Maybe YOU can help the situation? I mean, seriously, if you are able to find a good solution for everyone, hey I'd even pay you a beer someday and I'd be the first one to thank you because you see I find it frustrating to have to disable my media drivers, use an emulation/virtual-drive software and use a mini-image of one of my games to play it, because it doesn't work out-of-the-box like it should.

And I find it equally frustrating to think that some people around will say "well, why don't you just disable those drives and just shut up about it?" and in turn diminishing the causality behind the necessary actions to make a darn game work. Why not also telling HIM instead of me that what he does doesn't help? Hey why not simply send an e-mail to SecuROM and talk about that vlog and provide them with a direct link to the video and tell them "look guys someone here doesn't help the situation, don't listen to him, he's enraged and he's yelling at you, he's frustrated, his arguments and his opinions at their base have no values, but I myself have a better solution for you and here it is...", no?



You're helping the problem.
 

shortylickens

No Lifer
Jul 15, 2003
80,287
17,081
136
I appreciate the rant but this is nothing new.

We all know darn well that anti-piracy measures affect paying customer much more adversely than pirates.
At this point its easier for me to just give up PC gaming and go back to my nintendo.

On a completely unrelated topic:
Why didnt they make a 2nd Zelda game for the SNES?
 

Eeezee

Diamond Member
Jul 23, 2005
9,922
0
76
Originally posted by: ShawnD1
Originally posted by: Zenoth
Not buying the games won't help getting rid of SecuROM

Sure it will. If Valve is raking in cash with non-intrusive DRM, while Ubisoft goes bankrupt as it hangs onto SecuRom, SecuRom goes down with them. It's not like Valve and other publishers will look at the situation and say "hey, we're doing so great without SecuRom, maybe we should start including SecuRom on all of our games!"

It's natural selection. You support the publishers that don't suck, and boycott the ones that do suck. Buying a game that includes things like SecuRom is as immoral as buying Bum Fights. If you keep giving them money, they will never die.

I like Ubisoft though! I don't want them to go bankrupt and would prefer a more direct approach along the lines of everyone e-mailing them and telling them that they're absolutely retarded if they think this SecuRom shit works.

Ubisoft is not a shitty publisher, they're just bundling good games with a shitty add-on. It's a mistake, but I don't want them to go bankrupt for it. All the same, I don't buy games with SecuROM, but I do want the developers to get SOMETHING.
 

Eeezee

Diamond Member
Jul 23, 2005
9,922
0
76
Originally posted by: shortylickens
I appreciate the rant but this is nothing new.

We all know darn well that anti-piracy measures affect paying customer much more adversely than pirates.
At this point its easier for me to just give up PC gaming and go back to my nintendo.

On a completely unrelated topic:
Why didnt they make a 2nd Zelda game for the SNES?

The problem is that the publishers don't know that. If people remain vocal about this issue, it may change. It's impossible for publishers to realize that they're losing customers when a fair number of people are still buying the games. They're not making as much money as they could and there's no way for them to realize that unless people actually tell them so.

Anyone who denies that the internet can act as a driving force clearly hasn't been living in reality. Just one person on a message board won't make a difference, but if enough gamers voice dissent then the publisher will realize exactly how much money SecuROM costs them.
 

Eeezee

Diamond Member
Jul 23, 2005
9,922
0
76
Originally posted by: Czar
The only games I buy are on steam, I do it for three reasons.

1. No need to keep cd's, my games are all there
2. Cheaper
3. I will never have any problems of games not working because of drm

The only problem I have with Steam is if Valve ever goes bankrupt... but I trust Valve would remove the DRM and allow people to download ISOs or something at that time.
 

Eeezee

Diamond Member
Jul 23, 2005
9,922
0
76
Originally posted by: Mem
Originally posted by: n7
10/10

My latest example.

I bought Bioshock at launch.

I installed it once.

I now cannot install it again as it brings up some cryptic error.
Searching leads to some insanely complicated process & sending the results to Bioshock just so i can possibly get a fix to play the game.

Take a wild guess how much money 2k will see from me in the future :roll:

I have had no problems with Starforce,SecuROM or Tages,however Bioshock did give me a bit of grief when it was first released,took me over 3 hours before I could even install and play the game due to their activation server being down,not good for a gamer like myself that goes out and buys a retail game,I mean you expect to be able to install and play the game.


Problem is there are no perfect solutions,harder they try to prevent piracy the harder and more problems legit gamers get to run the game ,we all know its the legit gamers that suffer in the end and not the piracy sector.

If you had problems with Bioshock, then you've had problems with SecuROM.

I like Steam's solution; it is not invasive and works very well. It's not perfect, but I think it fosters enough good will in their customers that more people buy the games than pirate them.
 

Zenoth

Diamond Member
Jan 29, 2005
5,202
216
106
Originally posted by: ja1484
Originally posted by: Zenoth
Originally posted by: ja1484
Originally posted by: Zenoth
Originally posted by: ja1484

He's helping the problem.

Yes, he is helping the problem.

He buys the games, he gives his money to the publishers and developers, that's what they ask for, that's what the law asks for, and the copy-protection that the developers and or publishers decide to use in their games are screwing him and many of other legitimate gamers over. Yes, he is helping the problem by doing the only thing he should do, buying his games. It is NOT his job to actually find and test another method of anti-piracy. What do YOU really except him to do? Apply for a job at SecuROM so he can engineer a new method all by himself?! Be reasonable for a moment.


Yeah, that's what I was saying. Yelling on a vlog helps to solve every problem. Just last week, it brought Jesus back.

Well if you have a better idea go ahead and do it, give SecuROM some flowers and speak to them as if you were either your friends or if your were a politician. Why not applying for a job at SecuROM while you're at it? Maybe YOU can help the situation? I mean, seriously, if you are able to find a good solution for everyone, hey I'd even pay you a beer someday and I'd be the first one to thank you because you see I find it frustrating to have to disable my media drivers, use an emulation/virtual-drive software and use a mini-image of one of my games to play it, because it doesn't work out-of-the-box like it should.

And I find it equally frustrating to think that some people around will say "well, why don't you just disable those drives and just shut up about it?" and in turn diminishing the causality behind the necessary actions to make a darn game work. Why not also telling HIM instead of me that what he does doesn't help? Hey why not simply send an e-mail to SecuROM and talk about that vlog and provide them with a direct link to the video and tell them "look guys someone here doesn't help the situation, don't listen to him, he's enraged and he's yelling at you, he's frustrated, his arguments and his opinions at their base have no values, but I myself have a better solution for you and here it is...", no?



You're helping the problem.

You obviously don't have any more arguments, you keep posting that line as if you were a bot with an auto-response, just leave this thread if you cannot provide opinions. At least I'm trying to debate and discuss it, I may be wrong in some of my points but you're not the one who's going to help the situation either anyway by posting such a weak remark over and over.

@ Eezee

Finally someone's with me here, that's refreshing once in a while.

@ Xavier434

No indeed I never worked in that domain but I'm trying to think about this situation the best I can. When I buy a game the money don't just go to SecuROM or any other anti-piracy companies, that you don't have to work in that domain to know about, the devs and publishers also get some of that money, if not all of it. Tell me though I really do want to get educated about it, who's paying SecuROM, the devs? or the publishers? ...or both?

In the end though you just confirmed exactly what I was saying, you said "The way to do that is to develop effective methods of copyright protection which does not harm the legitimate user in any way." And that's exactly what I typed almost word by word in my previous posts. I AM for copy protection, for anti-piracy measures, but for Christ's sake let's hope that they make a more efficient method, because right now they're still using the same crappy, often not-working one over and over.

The problem is I do want to continue buying games simply because I want to support the creative minds behind it. If some of my money from buying a game goes to SecuROM then the positive thing in it is that IF there is an intelligent mind out there in that company who's going to use it and every other gamer's to make a better method than in the end buying games WILL have helped make the situation better for everyone (for all the legitimate gamers). Yes, it might be a naive thought, but at least I do support the developers, at least it is with that in mind that I still buy the games I own, sooner or later.
 

ja1484

Platinum Member
Dec 31, 2007
2,438
2
0
Originally posted by: Zenoth
Originally posted by: ja1484
Originally posted by: Zenoth
Originally posted by: ja1484
Originally posted by: Zenoth
Originally posted by: ja1484

He's helping the problem.

Yes, he is helping the problem.

He buys the games, he gives his money to the publishers and developers, that's what they ask for, that's what the law asks for, and the copy-protection that the developers and or publishers decide to use in their games are screwing him and many of other legitimate gamers over. Yes, he is helping the problem by doing the only thing he should do, buying his games. It is NOT his job to actually find and test another method of anti-piracy. What do YOU really except him to do? Apply for a job at SecuROM so he can engineer a new method all by himself?! Be reasonable for a moment.


Yeah, that's what I was saying. Yelling on a vlog helps to solve every problem. Just last week, it brought Jesus back.

Well if you have a better idea go ahead and do it, give SecuROM some flowers and speak to them as if you were either your friends or if your were a politician. Why not applying for a job at SecuROM while you're at it? Maybe YOU can help the situation? I mean, seriously, if you are able to find a good solution for everyone, hey I'd even pay you a beer someday and I'd be the first one to thank you because you see I find it frustrating to have to disable my media drivers, use an emulation/virtual-drive software and use a mini-image of one of my games to play it, because it doesn't work out-of-the-box like it should.

And I find it equally frustrating to think that some people around will say "well, why don't you just disable those drives and just shut up about it?" and in turn diminishing the causality behind the necessary actions to make a darn game work. Why not also telling HIM instead of me that what he does doesn't help? Hey why not simply send an e-mail to SecuROM and talk about that vlog and provide them with a direct link to the video and tell them "look guys someone here doesn't help the situation, don't listen to him, he's enraged and he's yelling at you, he's frustrated, his arguments and his opinions at their base have no values, but I myself have a better solution for you and here it is...", no?



You're helping the problem.

You obviously don't have any more arguments, you keep posting that line as if you were a bot with an auto-response, just leave this thread if you cannot provide opinions. At least I'm trying to debate and discuss it, I may be wrong in some of my points but you're not the one who's going to help the situation either anyway by posting such a weak remark over and over.


Yes, intellectual masturbation is much more productive than making fun of intellectual masturbation.

My mistake. Carry on.
 

Zenoth

Diamond Member
Jan 29, 2005
5,202
216
106
Originally posted by: ja1484Yes, intellectual masturbation is much more productive than making fun of intellectual masturbation.

My mistake. Carry on.

If I carry on it'll go off-topic with personal attacks, and that'd be useless.

And I've made all of my points regarding this subject, you obviously made yours too, which is that the guy and me are both "not helping the situation", alright. Now what? Nothing, there's nothing to carry on about other than hatred towards each other which isn't the goal here or shouldn't be anywhere else for that matter.

If you want to carry on do it you're free to and I don't care if you do or don't, I just won't reply to your posts anymore since it brings us nowhere. Maybe we'll meet each others in another thread, another context and hopefully another behavior.

 

lxskllr

No Lifer
Nov 30, 2004
59,959
10,439
126
Originally posted by: n7
10/10

My latest example.

I bought Bioshock at launch.

I installed it once.

I now cannot install it again as it brings up some cryptic error.
Searching leads to some insanely complicated process & sending the results to Bioshock just so i can possibly get a fix to play the game.

Take a wild guess how much money 2k will see from me in the future :roll:

That exact same thing happened to me. I got pissed, and downloaded a crack. Unfortunately I had a cranial/rectal inversion at the time and installed a virus on my system :^/ I got that cleared up, and ended up contacting Securom. 2 days later I got to play the game. I highly doubt I'll be buying the sequel, even though I thoroughly enjoyed the game when it worked properly. I don't appreciate paying $60(limited edition set) for a game, only to be treated like a criminal, and having unreasonable restrictions on how I install the game.
 

ShawnD1

Lifer
May 24, 2003
15,987
2
81
Originally posted by: wanderer27
Some would add STEAM as a viable method as well, but I prefer to have a hard copy - what happens they go out of business or shut down the servers?

Believe it or not, you can still crack Steam games. Every one of my Steam games is using a cracked exe so I can start the game from a batch file and assign priority.
(programs launched by steam.exe cannot have a custom priority).

I'm not upset about Steam's DRM. I'm choosing to crack my games because I want to use batch files. The games still work perfectly fine without being cracked, and that's the way it should be :)
 

Capt Caveman

Lifer
Jan 30, 2005
34,543
651
126
Originally posted by: Zenoth
I know how he feels and I know why he was so enraged.

Although I rarely ever experience any problems with my games (Retail, of course) out-of-the-box, it did happened on two occasions.

Namely:

1) Battlefield 2
2) Star Wars: Battlefront II

Once my BF2 DVD is inserted in my DVD-RW Drive (from LG Electronics) and then try to start the game (properly installed and patched) it gives me the exact same message, "please insert the original game disc in a compatible media drive and restart", or something very similar. And since replacing the original .EXE by a cracked .EXE would have made on-line play impossible I've had to download (yes, from GameCopyWorld) a mini-image without replacing the original .EXE, and at the moment and since I bought BF2 it is for me the only way I can play the game both off-line and on-line.

In the case of SW:BF II, very similar but not identical problem. With that one the DVD once inserted is properly identified and the game's official and automatic launcher/UI runs, so I can click on "Play BFII". When I click that the DVD spins for a moment and then a message pops-up telling me that the original game disc was not detected. With BFII however to make it work it gets more complicated then even BF2. What I need to do is to get a mini-image but I ALSO have to actually DISABLE BOTH my DVD-RW AND my CD-RW drives and I need Deamon Tools to emulate the copy protection as well at the same time. That way and only that way it works.

All of my other 40+ games work out-of-the-box, but I too find it stupid that real legitimate gamers out there pay for their game and they HAVE to download a crack to make them work (and often since mini-images are much rarer than mere cracked .EXE's it means that if the said game has an on-line mode that it won't be possible to play it on-line because in 99% of the cases one needs the original .EXE to go and play on-line along with a legitimate product key), or ELSE it WON'T work. Absolutely ironic that the supposedly anti-piracy measures forces some consumers to use the piracy measures to make their game work, indeed.

For BF2, why not just mount an image to a virtual drive? I haven't seen my BF2 DVD in like two years.
 

Chosonman

Golden Member
Jan 24, 2005
1,136
0
0
Originally posted by: ShawnD1
Originally posted by: wanderer27
Some would add STEAM as a viable method as well, but I prefer to have a hard copy - what happens they go out of business or shut down the servers?

Believe it or not, you can still crack Steam games. Every one of my Steam games is using a cracked exe so I can start the game from a batch file and assign priority.
(programs launched by steam.exe cannot have a custom priority).

I'm not upset about Steam's DRM. I'm choosing to crack my games because I want to use batch files. The games still work perfectly fine without being cracked, and that's the way it should be :)

But at least your games are legit. Copy protect doesn't prevent hackers from copying the games. It just gives legitimate users like us a hard time.
 

Zenoth

Diamond Member
Jan 29, 2005
5,202
216
106
Capt Caveman, that's what I do. And I typed it, I said I'm using a mini-image without replacing the original .EXE, and that way it works, on a virtual drive created by Deamon Tools, of course. The original DVD never worked, it's not recognized at all.