I would consider the ATH-M50 or the HD558 at that price range. Both have neutral-ish sound signatures and will work well out of most devices. The ATH-M50 is a closed headphone with a slight emphasis on the bass and treble. The HD558 is open-backed and has a lighter, airier sound in comparison.
If you don't mind going the DIY route and are willing to invest a bit of money in a DAC/amp (even some sound cards do the trick), I would get the Fostex T50RP and spend about $50 in mods on it. I promise you that you will find it very difficult to find better sound for less than $300. PM me if interested.
The Sennheiser HD429 isn't bad...someone mentioned the HD439 above. The treble and upper mids are a bit subdued, but they're really quite nice to listen to and a great deal at around $50-75. Unfortunately, they feel quite fragile, especially the cable.
The Monoprice 8323 is a great deal at $30. Bass-heavy signature, but still a great budget can. I think they respond very well to mods. I go as far as swapping out the pads , but that's an extra $20 or so, and many people like them stock.
I'm not sure how much the V-Moda M-80 is, but it's not bad if you don't mind bass-heavy cans.
Ultrasone headphones measure like crap in general. I think there is maybe one or two that have mostly decent characteristics. Grados are like sticking nails in your ears (huge emphasis on upper mids and treble...very annoying). Older Beyerdynamic headphones aren't bad, but there are better options IMO. The DT880 isn't bad, but is slightly metallic sounding from what I've heard. The DT770 has a weird emphasis in the lower bass but might not be terrible. The DT990 had a weird bass/low-mid hump and treble spike. Bleh. Their newer offerings with the Tesla drivers seem to have quality control issues and are generally just not very good. Generally stay away from Monster, Beats, Bose...stuff like that.