Not unless your cooling system and the rest of your CPU is "really br0k3". Then it will probably thermal-throttle, until it hits cutoff temp, then it will suddenly power-off.
Edit: Also, I agree with
@viivo 's answer, but not his assessment of the situation. Yes, indeed, decompression and hashing of files, such as happens during a OS upgrade or installation, DOES put quite a load on the CPU, and WILL raise its temp, but shouldn't in any way actually shorten the lifespan of the CPU or the storage device, unless they are "at risk", by being clogged with dust and not cooled properly already.