Palestinian Authority control (1994–2007)
In accordance with the
Oslo Accords, the
Palestinian Authority took over the administrative authority of the Gaza Strip (other than the settlement blocs and military areas) in 1994. After the complete
Israeli withdrawal of Israeli settlers and military from the Gaza Strip on 12 September 2005, the Palestinian Authority had complete administrative authority in the Gaza Strip. Since the Israeli withdrawal the
Rafah Border Crossing had been supervised by
EU Border Assistance Mission Rafah under an Agreement finalised in November 2005.
[31]
Violence in the wake of 2006 election
Main article:
Fatah–Hamas conflict
In the
Palestinian parliamentary elections held on January 25, 2006,
Hamas won a plurality of 42.9% of the total vote and 74 out of 132 total seats (56%).
[32][33]
When Hamas assumed power the next month, the Israeli government and the key players of the international community, the United States and the EU refused to recognize its right to govern the
Palestinian Authority. Direct aid to the Palestinian government there was cut off, although some of that money was redirected to humanitarian organizations not affiliated with the government.
[34] The resulting political disorder and economic stagnation led to many Palestinians emigrating from the Gaza Strip.
[35]
In January 2007, fighting erupted between Hamas and
Fatah. The deadliest clashes occurred in the northern Gaza Strip, where General
Muhammed Gharib, a senior commander of the Fatah-dominated
Preventative Security Force, died when a rocket hit his home. Gharib's two daughters and two bodyguards were also killed in the attack, which was carried out by Hamas gunmen.
[36]
At the end of January 2007, a truce was negotiated between Fatah and Hamas.
[37] However, after a few days, new fighting broke out.
[38] Fatah fighters stormed a Hamas-affiliated university in the Gaza Strip. Officers from Abbas' presidential guard battled Hamas gunmen guarding the Hamas-led Interior Ministry.
[39]
In May 2007, new fighting broke out between the factions.
[40] Interior Minister
Hani Qawasmi, who had been considered a moderate civil servant acceptable to both factions, resigned due to what he termed harmful behavior by both sides.
[41]
Fighting spread in the Gaza Strip with both factions attacking vehicles and facilities of the other side. In response to constant attacks by rocket fire from the Gaza Strip, Israel launched an air strike which destroyed a building used by Hamas. Ongoing violence prompted fear that it could bring the end of the
Fatah-Hamas coalition government, and possibly the end of the Palestinian authority.
[42]
Hamas spokesman
Moussa Abu Marzouk placed the blame for the worsening situation in the Strip upon Israel, stating that the constant pressure of economic sanctions upon Gaza resulted in the "real explosion."
[43] Expressions of concerns were received from many Arab leaders, with many offering to try to help by doing some diplomatic work between the two factions.
[44] One journalist wrote an eyewitness account stating:
Today I have seen people shot before my eyes, I heard the screams of terrified women and children in a burning building, and I argued with gunmen who wanted to take over my home. I have seen a lot in my years as a journalist in Gaza, but this is the worst it's been.
[45]
Hamas control (2007–present)
Hamas take-over of the Strip
In June 2007, the
Palestinian Civil War between
Hamas (Islamic Resistance Movement) and
Fatah (Palestine Liberation Movement) intensified. Hamas routed Fatah after winning the democratic election, and by the 14th of June, controlled the Gaza Strip.
Palestinian President Mahmoud Abbas responded by declaring a
state of emergency, dissolving the unity government and forming a new government without Hamas participation.
PNA security forces in the
West Bank arrested a number of Hamas members.
Abbas's government received widespread international support. In late June 2008 Egypt, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia said that the West Bank-based Cabinet formed by Abbas was the sole legitimate Palestinian government, and Egypt moved its embassy from Gaza to the West Bank.
[46] The Hamas government in the Gaza Strip faces international, diplomatic, and economic isolation.
However, both
Saudi Arabia and Egypt supported reconciliation and the forming of a new unity government, and pressed Abbas to start serious talks with Hamas. Abbas had always conditioned this on Hamas returning control of the Gaza Strip to the Palestinian Authority. Hamas has been invited to and has visited a number of countries, including Russia, and in the
EU countries, opposition parties and politicians called for a dialogue with Hamas and an end to the economic sanctions.
After the takeover, Israel and Egypt
closed their border crossings with Gaza. Palestinian sources reported that European Union monitors fled the
Rafah Border Crossing, on the Gaza–Israel border for fear of being kidnapped or harmed.
[47] Arab foreign ministers and Palestinian officials presented a united front against control of the border by Hamas.
[48]
Meanwhile, Israeli and Egyptian security reports said that Hamas continued smuggling in large quantities of explosives and arms from Egypt through tunnels. Egyptian security forces uncovered 60 tunnels in 2007.
[49]
Conditions after the Hamas take-over
After Hamas' June loss, it started ousting Fatah-linked officials from positions of power and authority in the Strip (such as government positions, security services, universities, newspapers, etc.) and strove to enforce law in the Strip by progressively removing guns from the hands of peripheral militias, clans, and criminal groups, and gaining control of supply tunnels. According to
Amnesty International, under Hamas rule, newspapers have been closed down and journalists have been harassed.
[50] Fatah demonstrations have been forbidden or suppressed, as in the case of a large demonstration on the anniversary of
Yasser Arafat's death, which resulted in the deaths of seven people, after protesters hurled stones at Hamas security forces.
[51]
Christians were also threatened and assaulted in the Gaza Strip. The owner of a Christian bookshop was abducted and murdered,
[52] and on 15 February 2008, the Christian Youth Organization's library in Gaza City was bombed.
[53] Hamas has used hospitals and other public buildings as staging grounds for attacks and retaliation,
[54] which has resulted in Fatah responding in kind.
[55]
Hamas and other Gazan militant groups continued to fire home made Qassam rockets from the Strip across the border into Israel. According to Israel, between the Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip and the end of January 2008, 697 rockets and 822 mortar bombs were fired at Israeli towns.
[56]
In response, Israel targeted home made Qassam launchers and military targets and on 19 September 2007, declared the Gaza Strip a hostile entity. In January 2008 the situation escalated; Israel curtailed travel from Gaza, the entry of goods, and cut fuel supplies to the Strip on 19 January 2008, resulting in power shortages. This brought charges that Israel was inflicting
collective punishment on the Gaza population, leading to international condemnation. Despite multiple reports from within the Strip that food and other essentials were in extremely short supply,
[57] Israel countered that Gaza had enough food and energy supplies for weeks.
[58] In early March 2008, air strikes and ground incursions into the Strip by the IDF led to the deaths of over 110 Palestinians and extensive damage to
Jabalia.
[59] The Egyptian border continues to remain closed with no significant international pressure to open it.
[60]