The part you're not getting, Matt, is that growth has been more than adequate. Your last graph shows that. It's just that our conceptualization of how to distribute the rewards (on the basis of work) doesn't reflect the reality that income sourcing has shifted to investment, much of it offshore.
Low taxes on enormous investment incomes only make that worse. As American capitalists' dependence on American labor has diminished, we end up on the losing end of currency imbalances & labor arbitrage. We also end up being subject to various forms of crowding out & economic extortion, as well. That's what current campaign financing & the whole Job Creator meme are all about.
Other first world nations have resorted to a variety of mechanisms to provide for their citizens, mechanisms that our version of Capitalism simply doesn't, and won't unless we change some of our underlying assumptions.