Misconceptions about the Shi'a
Introduction
Bias against the Shia is quite evident in many Islamic academic institutions. This official letter from Malaysia illustrates an example.There are numerous books on history, literature, bibliography, etc - by both early and contemporary writers - that undermine the scholastic, literary, social, and cultural rights of the Shia. In cases where such works intend to discuss the works and virtues of the Shi'a, they fail in doing so and leave the facts about Shi'a and its intellectual legacy relatively untouched and unknown.8
Researchers must be cautious in believing the contents of such works before careful scrunity. These works were mostly written by certain individuals motivated by their ambitions or bigotry, which result in fabrication, perversion, and calumny, therefore rendering their works unrelaible. The late religious authority of Egypt and president of Al-Azhar University, Sheikh Mahmud Shaltut, who declared the Shi'a as a legitimate Islamic school of thought, also remarked:
"Most of those who have written on Islamic denominations, have been influenced by the vicious spirit of prejudice."
"Therefore anyone who cares about equity and fairness and wishes to study various Islamic denominations, should not base his opinions on such works, but instead must consult with the main books and sources of those denominations in order to approximate the truth and avoid mistakes."
It is an undeniable fact that the attention paid by Sunni muslims to familiarize the world with Islam has been more than that of Shias. Sunnis retain many commendable achievements for this cause. However some of them have been affected by sectarian prejudice, thus portraying the Shi'a in a distorted way.
On the other hand, a phenomenon called orientalism and "Islamology" has existed for some time, the vanguards of which were individuals who were immediately assisted and collaborated by the agents of politics. The numerous extant distorted references and fabricated statements provided these people, in addition to their own ill intentions, to write anything they pleased. In the words of renowned philosopher Seyyed Hosein Nasr:
"Although western scholars have done extensive studies about various aspects of Islam and Islamic civilization in the past century, most of their works of full of bias and vicious intentions and distortive efforts are visible throughout them."[1]
Among the different groups, the Shi'a have in particular been harmed more than any other Islamic denomination due to lack of sufficient reliable references that are readily available to foreign researchers. In the words of Edward Browne, "we still have no access to any detailed, sufficient, and reliable works on the Shi'i school of thought in any of the European languages."[2]
This article intends to address just that, and is written from the perspective of the Shi'a, since Shi'as contend and dispute the standard image portrayed for them by some, if not the majority, of western academic and Sunni sources.1
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Current sources on the Shi'a
Of the hundreds of contemporary academic sources that address matters pertaining to the Shi'a, "almost all resources used by Europeans in their studies about Islam are Sunni works".1 Whenever the Quran, hadith, history of Mohammad's life, fiqh, and kalam are touched on, it is the opinion of Sunni muslims exclusively that is often taken as the standard version. It comes thus as no surprise that western scholars describe Sunni'ism as orthodox Islam and Shi'ism as a heretical sect. Sunni historians have always tried to, in the words of M.G.S. Hodgson, "show that all other schools of thought other than their own were not only false but, if possible, less than truly Muslim. Their work described innumerable firqahs in terms which readily misled modern scholars into supposing they were referring to so many heretical sects."7, p66-67
On the other hand, what is often found on the Shi'a in some encyclopedias are full of errors, baseless accusations, and superficial confused statements. Unfortunately, when these works are translated into Arabic, often by Sunni writers, they rarely add any footnotes pointing to these mistakes or shortcomings. This results in the spread of erroneous information that ultimately finds its way into even more sources, albeit inauthentic.
Furthermore, publications by Shi'i scholars remain comparably at unacceptably low levels. To see this in a more visible light, it is educational to observe Dr. Abul-Jawad Falaturi's statements in this reagrd:
"If we count all books and articles that have been published during the past 25 years in different European languages about Islam and Muslim countries--a task I performed based on Abstracta Islamica which listed all books published about Islam since 1943-- we can easily reach the conclusion that out of every 100 writings on Islam, only two relate to groups other than Sunni ones. Among this small number, one out of every seven work addresses The Twelver Shi'a. This means that out of every 350 books and articles, only one is specifically related to the Twelver Shi'a, a number even far less than The Zaidi or Ismaili Shia."8
Perhaps the historical background of the west is the major reason behind this blemish. The west had major direct contact with the Sunni form of Islam on almost all occasions, from Andalusia in the west to the Ottoman Turks in the east. Contacts with the Shi'a were confined to rather secret and rather limited relations with some Ismaili territories in Palestine during the crusades, but the west generally did not have any contact with the Shi'a world before the modern era. Islamic Iran, for example, only came to be known for the first time through the cultural acquaintance of India.
The result of such uneven contacts by opinionated orientalists can be observed in the writings of the likes of historians such as the Jesuit Henri Lammens (1862-1937), the Jewish Ignaz Goldziher, and Joseph Schacht (1902-1969), who made no effort to conceal their mockery and judgemental views of history. For example, Lammens' paper for the Scripta Pontificii Instituti Biblici 3 reads:
Writes "Ali was the least intelligent" and intellectually "incapable".
Writes of how Ali was "ugly".
Writes about how Ali was "fat".
Mocks how Allah wished to keep his representative Muhammad in poverty.
Writes of Muhammad "kicking Fatima brutally" and telling her to "shut up".
Writes: "Fatima screamed: You are marrying me off to a beggar" (Ali).
claims Muhammad's wealth came from "plundering the Jews".
Doubts the existence of Al Muhsin.
Accuses Ali of having extramarital affairs and betraying her wife Fatima.
So biased and opinionated are these writings that Maxime Rodinson, a contemporary of Lammens, and a biographer of Muhammad, characterized Lammens as "filled with a holy contempt for Islam, for its 'delusive glory', and 'lascivious' prophet." 4
Yet modern authors readily admit that such attacks by Lammens have yet to be refuted 5, while other modern historians continue to even recycle such works into their latest publications.6
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Misconceptions about the Shi'a
Whatever the reasons for this scarcity of relaible sources, the result is the following incorrect misconceptions about the Shia:
The Shi'a are a political sect.
Shi'as apply the ancient Persian idea of royal inheritance to Muhammad's progeny and merely replace royal inheritance with Imamah.
The Shi'a believe in the distortion of the Qur'an.
The Shi'a believe their Imams as equals to the prophet.
Influenced by Christian mentality, the Shi'a believe in the sacrifice of a sacred person by the name Husayn ibn Ali, to save the Ummah from their sins.
The Shi'a are some sort of presumptive Sufi sect.
Such allegations have encouraged various orientalists and their mimics such as Ahmad Amin to viciously attack the Shi'a in their writings. Even the Encyclopedia of Islam has not been immune for these attacks. One can find biased statements from the Belgian Henri Lammens (1862-1937) and the Hungarian Ignaz Goldziher (1850-1921) in this encyclopedia against the Shi'a and their sanctities. According to Nasr, most parts of the two or three other books and discourses that exist in English are the products of the minds of several Christian missionaries "who have spent their lives trying to annihilate and refute the Shi'i thought".1
The very opinion of orientalists of the past century that considered the Shi'a form of deviation and heresy from true Islam (bid'ah) has thus come to be accepted in most western circles today. There are those that even consider the Shi'a as an "invention" by some particular groups.