The territory of today's Algeria was the home of many prehistoric cultures, including
Aterian and
Capsian and the
Proto-Berber cultures. Its area has known many empires and dynasties, including ancient
Numidians,
Phoenicians,
Carthaginians,
Romans,
Vandals,
Byzantines,
Umayyads,
Abbasids,
Fatimids,
Hammadids,
Almoravids,
Almohads,
Ottomans and the
French colonial empire. In recent decades, Algeria has experienced increased identity recognition demands, in response to which,
Tamazight, the language of their 13,000 year old people, has been constitutionalized as a national language. Algeria is a
semi-presidential republic consisting of 48 provinces and 1541 communes. With a population of 39.5 million, it is the 33rd most populated country on Earth.
Abdelaziz Bouteflika has been the
President of Algeria since 1999 and has won four consecutive elections.
Algeria's economy is largely based on
hydrocarbons, due to which manufacturing has suffered from
Dutch disease.
[11] The country supplies large amounts of
natural gas to Europe, and energy exports are the backbone of the economy. According to
OPEC Algeria has the
17th largest reserves of oil in the world, and the second largest in
Africa, while it has the
9th largest reserves of
natural gas.
Sonatrach, the national oil company, is the largest company in Africa.
Algeria has the
second largest military in North Africa with the largest defence budget in Africa.
[12] Algeria has had a peaceful
nuclear program since the 1990s.
[13] Algeria is a member of the
African Union, the
Arab League,
OPEC, and the United Nations, and is a founding member of the
Arab Maghreb Union.