With a 512 bit memory bus vs. a 256 bit memory bus on the GTX 980 and a 384 bit memory bus on the R9 280X, the R9 290X has much more memory bandwidth. If the R9 290X had double the shaders and double the ROPs of those other chips, that than having double the memory bandwidth would make sense. However, the R9 290X only has 37.5% more shaders than the GTX 980 and R9 280X, so extra memory bandwidth doesn't contribute much past a certain point. I bet that AMD tested the chip with 6.5 Ghz memory
Here is a video of a guy who tests an R9 290 with 1350 Mhz RAM vs. 1700 Mhz RAM (i.e. 5.2 Ghz vs. 6.8 Ghz). As you can see, the results are less than 10% from a 30% overclock.
Thanks for the link.