There are economic models that describe the relationship between the firm and its labor -- "Marginal Revenue product," "Marginal labor product."
But these models, like the old, classical Walrasian "supply and demand" concepts, are often short for reflecting reality.
The problem arises in measurement. In "intensive" production activities, like "brain surgery," it can be hard to measure output. In a lot of office settings, it can be difficult to measure output. Good managers find ways to do it. But there isn't any definite qualification for a management job. You can learn these things in business school. Out in the real world, when "school's out . . for the sum-mer" -- some people figure they paid their dues, forget what they learned, don't make an effort to apply what they know. Maybe the people who hire them are almost as clueless. In that case, someone who "does" misses recognition, someone who "doesn't" gets more than their share.
You'll find these situations and behaviors in both private firms and public agencies.
There are different kinds of compensation. You can get an annual salary. You can get a "promotion" from that annual salary. You can get a pecuniary one-time award.
Then there's the dimension of intrinsic job satisfaction, and myriad other reasons which compel people to come to work.
Some people limit their own opportunities. Maybe they go to school determined that they're going to make a living a certain way. They may have been taught to "persist." They could persist for years, work 80 hour weeks for 40 hours pay, and the sunlight never comes. Some would say "try something else -- move on." But they're locked into their own limiting decisions.
So simplify the discussion. The issue across many corporations explains something of how labor is compensated and how "management" is compensated. It may intersect the organization's culture which could define whether the leadership has a sense of public as well as private responsibility. If the CEO only follows the dictates of majority stockholders -- the desire for bigger and bigger dividends and profits -- he will do what he can to short his own employees.
So a major issue is how management and investors are compensated, and how labor is compensated. The economic data going back to the late 1940s suggests that wages (for labor) began to stagnate in the '70s, while profitability (and therefore management and investor compensation) took off. In the 1950s, CEOs got maybe 20x the compensation of the average worker. Today, the order of magnitude is something closer to 400x or 500x.
The business pays "what the market will bear" for wages. But there may not be any correspondence between what the worker contributes toward profitability and what he's compensated. And usually, if he contributes more which could be measured, and it isn't measured, somebody gives him a Christmas goose and someone else walks off with a pile of stock-options.
Then there's "globalization shock." Consider the HP engineers. They were all paid such and such. They'd tied themselves and their families to mortgages for home real-estate priced at some average market level. Suddenly, they could be outsourced (which they were), or someone might have negotiated draconian pay cuts. But the mortgage is still there. It's a contract. It's not a matter of a farmer selling potatoes for some price one week, to find it's down the next, and up again a month later.
So I and my family are supposed to suffer, so some . . .ditz can get a $300 million golden-handshake.
So, there's a problem. There might be any number of solutions. and some of the solutions are going to stick in somebody's craw.
Always, always -- the issue fits under a general category of property rights. What is my legal ownership? Am I entitled to whatever I can get?
There is a concept originally cast as the "Marxist firm," to which economist Richard Wolfe has applied the milder term "democratic firm." Instead of stockholders and managers exclusively determining what work is to be done, what will be done with profits and other decisions, the workers have an equal say. It's been tried in Spain -- forgot the name of the corporation -- but they're still in business, still prospering.
By the way. Who despises labor unions? The obvious answer that will likely be put forth in this forum: Republicans and conservatives.
But Marx despised labor unions equally -- maybe more so.