Negative voltage, reverse current, etc.
e.g. instead of +5V for 1, and 0V for 0, you could have +5V for +1, 0V for 0 and -5V for -1.
The soviets did a lot of experimental work with balanced ternary (+1,0,-1) computers, because it could reduce the amount of logic required because large numbers would need fewer gates. In particular, things like multiplication used a lot less logic and were faster than binary, because the carry chains were much shorter.
Conventional transistors and tubes were a better match for binary than ternary, so the construction of ternary computers was awkward. It could be done, they had developed three-state transistors. However, binary was more practical because it used simpler transistors and simpler logic gates with much simpler behavior.