It's like asking why healthcare is so expensive. The answer is...it's complicated
😛
It's just overall bloat everywhere.
http://www.usgovernmentspending.com/statelocal_spending_2017ILbn
Chicago and the cost associated with the upkeep of it is certainly not helping. Look at the pensions in IL vs IN or IA. All of those cops, teachers, firemen, ect are getting municipal pensions. The cost of employing them is high raising the protection and education budgets. When it comes to healthcare, IL gets back $.46 on the dollar (3 lowest in the country) for every federal dollar that goes out. Compare that to Kentucky that gets almost $2.20 back on the dollar from the feds for healthcare and you have another hole to dig out of.
Then you get into the whole debt issue where 7% of your annual budget is there to repay debt from the previous years.
It's just a pile of factors. Toss in the fleeing tax base of 1500 people (net loss per year), of which I am certain are higher paying jobs .My wifes dept (Pharmacist making 125k a year) lost 10 jobs to out of state positions before she left. I know half a dozen doctors that moved out to better gigs else where. And I doubt that many people are moving *into* rural IL (where we were) to make up for them.
Which is whole other issue. Outside of Chicago it's just not a highly desirable place to live. You have extreme weather in both the summer and winter. Falls are typically awesome. But otherwise it's hot and muggy summers, and cold and shitty winters. Outside of a few pockets in a couple interstate enabled cities there is zero diversity, it's completely rural, and you get shafted in property taxes.
How do they get out of it? There's no magic bullet. They'll need to start moving new municipal employees over to defined contributions instead of benefits for retirement. Hope that their current pension pullers die off earlier than expected. Maybe do some sort renegotiating on the pension rates currently being honored. Figure out some way to reduce their municipal overhead (which means more private schools/emergency responders/ect). And generally shrink down the size of the government.
They can also hope for some kind of federal medicaid expansion and/or a shift to single payer and maybe get more reimbursement for their health care costs vs. other states. They aren't getting paid the same way that others are right now.
Will they do it? No clue. It's second only to DC in swampy'ness.