Trade & Protectionism
Illegal Drugs: Scourge or Globalization?s Great Equalizer?
What do a traditional Jamaican tea, a leafy cash crop that flourishes in Bolivia, another plant grown in and around the Horn of Africa, and an Indian scorpion have in common? They are all indigenous life forms that locals use to achieve varying degrees of intoxication.
Ganja, also called cannabis, hemp or marijuana, is smoked by some Jamaicans but is also used as the main ingredient in a tea popular with most islanders, even those opposed to the smoking of ganja.
Bolivian laborers, truck drivers, and others seeking to maintain alertness while working in the oxygen-poor high altitude of the country chew the revitalizing leaves of the coca plant. Africans in Somalia, Ethiopia, and Kenya and Arabs in Yemen likewise chew khat, an indigenous plant leaf, for its qualities as a stimulant. Meanwhile, the newest recreational drug craze in Gujarat, India, 200 miles north of Mumbai on the Indian Ocean, is paying a vendor for the pleasure of receiving a sting to one's palm from a live scorpion.
These examples of the use of indigenous plants and animals as foods, stimulants, and intoxicants, spread across diverse peoples, cultures, oceans and continents, illustrate the ubiquitous use in the developing world of what critics of drug use in developed nations like the United States consider to be harmful substances whose prohibition, stigmatization and destruction is imperative.
Worldwide, though, a growing number of economists, researchers, and experts on topics as varied as the environment, human rights and development believe these naturally occurring plant and animal by-products to be vital cogs in the rapidly globalizing world economy. Just how does the issue of drug farming, production, sale, and use fit within a paradigm of globalization, the discussion of which is usually reserved for topics like genetically modified food, free trade, indigenous rights, environmental degradation, sweatshops, property rights, privatization, Western chain restaurants, and corporate greed?
Illegal drugs have always been popular, though not illegal
Consider that cannabis, mankind's second most widely used drug, trailing only alcohol, has been farmed worldwide and used as a food, intoxicant, clothing, and textile for several millennia. According to a report by the United Nations' Office of Drug Control, cannabis "was one of the first ? if not the first ? non-food industrial plants to be used by man."
The worldwide availability of cocaine, processed from the leaves of the coca plant, which is grown almost exclusively by subsistence farmers in the developing world, has increased markedly over the last thirty years, though the finished product is mainly produced for export and is rarely used in countries like Bolivia or Colombia where it is produced. Khat continues to be grown and used almost exclusively in northeast Africa and Yemen, though it is gaining in popularity in the developed world as more and more people emigrate from the region.
One day, perhaps, given time, scorpion stings will be a growth industry in the developed world, too.
Though these intoxicants are to varying degrees popular and common in their countries of origin, their growth, sale and use are by no means formally sanctioned by their respective national governments. Ganja is illegal in Jamaica, though it is tolerated due to its status as "the most important pillar" of the country's economy, according to Tim Boekhout van Solinge of CEDRO, a Dutch drug-policy research center.
Coca farming, centered chiefly in Latin America, prevails even as farms are targeted for eradication by anti-drug forces, though recent popular actions to grant rights to the owners of longstanding coca farms in Peru could have widespread impact in the region.
Few believe, though, that the United States, the kingpin of the region's eradication efforts, will allow these poor subsistence farmers the right to legally farm coca. The United States, after all, has its hand in virtually every anti-drug effort around the globe.
How did the United States, the world's leading drug consumer, become involved in enforcing the laws of other countries, in effect globalizing its prohibition of certain drugs? And what is the nature of its involvement in worldwide anti-drug efforts?
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