Your justification seems to be that the rich should pay simply because they can. I'm not really inclined to agree with that.
I'm saying that all should pay the same percentage on the same amount of income and that as that income increases so too should the percentage. The notion is simply that the more dollars of income the more you benefit from living in the US... and you should not only pay the same percentage as the previous increment but a surcharge applicable to the derived benefit of citizenship the new increment provides.
I'm not sure which taxation scheme is best. According to the Holmes quotation thrown in to the OP's article, it seems that a citizenship tax is in order, else one cannot truly be a part of "civilized society." If you want to live in the US, then you have to pay at least, say, $100 a year. If Krugman was being honest in how this should be interpreted by any rational person, this is what it should mean. I know some people who are not at all well off who feel this is the way it should be - everyone has to pay something. I might support this if it were the only taxes charged, and it looks like this would raise about $32 billion per year given the current population (assuming there was no age cutoff).
I suppose that gives all folks a feeling that they contributed in some measure to the needs but that would also mean that the very poor would in some manner have to get that money back in order to survive... although 100$ is not going to starve some it may others.
IOW, why bother. It is like the bank charging overdraft fees when they know what they charge is simply more of what they know you don't have any of.
The simplest one that seems to be justifiable would be a simple proportional tax with a threshold such that no income below that threshold would be taxed. This would let low-income people keep their money while the government takes a flat percentage for all income over that. I think the threshold should hold for all types of taxes, including SS/Medicaid/et cetera.
IF only that considered the relative benefit those extra dollars enabled the earner to enjoy that cost the government to provide... like security via the military... One's way of life is consistent with their wealth... the more wealth the more often they can enjoy its benefits. I think the unspoken reality of our current tax system considers this. IF it don't then I can find no rational basis for incremental percentage tax increases. IF everyone benefits to the same degree regardless of their income then my notion of income related benefit from living in the US has no merit.
However, perhaps the best model would be a fee-for-service model in which you pay based on your actual usage of government services. Again, a threshold could be used below which you won't pay for these things. People making above the threshold would pay marginally more than the services they use actually cost to pay for those who can't. This method would at least offer an easy test of whether it really is the utilization of services that enables the rich to become rich and would charge them accordingly. I think this model is a lot easier to justify than a progressive tax scheme as a result.
In some cases like police and fire protection the property tax which is based on the value of the property tends to mirror my notion. I'd hate to think because my house caught fire or I was robbed I'd have to pay for that privilege. I don't mind the Highway or Gas tax because I think we do benefit equally... or based on consumption... But, as I've mentioned elsewhere, the cost of the military benefits those who'd have more to lose but for its existence. In general, I'm not totally opposed to your proffer. I can't see an easy way to conduct such a system, however. At first blush, it would appear to create more expense for the Government and thus produce more cost to the consumer of the various services they might need to avail themselves of.