since no one really answered the OP.
so before the 1980's for Law Enforcement all you had was 9mm .45 and .357/.38spl for duty rounds. when the FBI Miami shootout was analyzed they came to the conclusion that the 9mm .38spl rounds the agents used were insufficient. thus began the search for the magic bullet that resulted in 10mm.
the fbi went to s&w for a semi auto in the slated 10mm, and ended up with the model 1076. because of the length of the 10mm round this meant using the large frame of sw 3rd/4th gen pistols. (if you ever held a 4th gen, it could be charitably called the 2x4 of grip ergonomics. they really felt terrible.) the large frame meant it didnt fit a good portion of fbi agent's hands. poor grip and the higher recoil of 10mm full load(200gr @ 1200fps) resulted in a bunch of agents not qualifying on the shooting certification. to solve this problem they down loaded the round to 180 gr @ ~1000fps becoming the "10mm lite" or "10mm FBI".
s&w figured out that with the cut down powder load you could shorten the case and make it fit in their med frame pistols. thus .40sw was born. (i started my LE career around this time so there was a ton of debate about 357 vs 9mm vs 40 vs 10 vs 45.)
10mm in full loading is meant to have most of the upside of its predecessors: 200 gr weight of .45, 1200fps velocity of 357, closer to the hi capacity magazines of 9mm. it shoots very flat because of the higher velocity. back then shotgun slugs and ARs werent normally issued to patrol officers, so rounds that could potentially penetrate a car engine block had some allure. there were some experiments with 10mm in H&K smg where the extra foot-pounds could be better dealt with and provide more terminal impact.
40sw supplanted 10mm in the civilian market and so ammo makers cut/dropped production.
unfortunately this led to the silly trend of other gun makers wanting their name on a round leading to .357sig, .400corbon .45gap.
in the glock20, 10mm is perfectly controllable and far more pleasant to shoot than 40sw in a glock23.(caveat: without the ny trigger required for most LE glocks.)
the gulf war post 9-11 resulted in the astronomic pricing of ammo, so most US shooters prioritized lower prices of common rounds which meant 'exotic' calibers went by the wayside.
i still like 10mm, but sadly my ammo stash of it is worth more than my glock20.