The exact cause of ASPD [Antisocial Personality Disorder] is not known, but biological or genetic factors may play a role. Brain structure deregulation, specifically within the prefrontal cortex and amygdala, plays an important contribution.
If the parent of an individual has had the disorder, that individual has a greater chance of having the disorder. A number of environmental factors in the childhood home, school, and community may also contribute to the disorder. Robins (1966) found an increased incidence of sociopathic characteristics and alcoholism in the fathers of individuals with antisocial personality disorder. He found that, within such a family, males had an increased incidence of ASPD, whereas females tended to show an increased incidence of somatization disorder instead.
Bowlby (1944) saw a connection between antisocial personality disorder and maternal deprivation in the first five years of life. Glueck and Glueck (1968) saw reasons to believe that the mothers of children who developed this personality disorder usually did not discipline their children and showed little affection towards them. But it is also important to point out that correlation does not imply causation.
Adoption studies show that both genetic and environmental factors can contribute to the development of the disorder. These studies have also shown that genetic factors are more important for adults with the disorder, while environmental factors are more important in antisocial children
Currently, genetic and environmental factors are thought to contribute to the organic causes of the disorder, namely, deregulation of the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex. The prefrontal lobes are responsible for forming goals and objectives, coordinating skills, and evaluating our actions. The OFC of the prefrontal lobes has connections to the amygdala, is part of the limbic system, and is specifically noted for regulating and modulating stress/arousal responses, as well as response-reversal.
Antisocial individuals, because of an impaired amygdala show impaired initial response learning. Additionally, when psychopaths and amygdalar-lesioned patients are presented with a peripheral emotional image (e.g. a picture of a corpse, or the sound of a crying baby) while completing a simple task, their performance remains relatively unaffected. They show impaired recognition of, and reaction to, fearful facial and vocal affect.
In general, the combination of an inattentiveness to emotionally charged stimuli (whether presented in full view or as a peripheral distraction) as well as an inability to shift attention to an alternative route of reward (and thus, avoid punishment) can account for much of a APD individual?s deviant behavior. They do not notice emotion and are unable to empathize?and thus feel unaffected when their actions have detrimental effects on other people.
They also continue to commit acts of crime or violence long after the rewards have stopped and the punishment has begun (e.g. repeat offenders who have been incarcerated multiple times). They also are quick to display aggressive and impulsive behavior. This reactive antisocial aggression is perhaps in part a result of elevated levels of frustration experienced when they are unable to modify their behavior in the ever-changing environment