Actually, this subject is a lot more extensive than is possible to explore in a simple post here, but here's a brief gist of my position:
I only brought up the relation between
knowledge and
choice, "God" is as relevant as you want it to be.
A choice can potentially exist independently in time of knowledge
How is this possible? Example:
Sally has a choice to make in the year 2010. She must choose between a Blue and Red sweater.
You can call this event whatever you want. You may even believe in the "illusion" of choice theories some will espouse, believing life is as simple as a domino effect.
Sidenote: until you have an advanced degree in Physics, I don't think you have the facility to claim such things. Just to start off: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen_interpretation
Back to Sally. If something knows the future, one would automatically assume that it can do so by deducing every probabilistic distribution function and the actual result of every single action. That would mean that everything is deterministic, no?
Consider the following thought experiment. If this "something that knows the future" called Mr. Seer flips a coin in a perfect environment where the results are guaranteed to be random (it's flipped by a magic hand), and the probability of heads vs tails is equally 50%. When Mr. Seer flips the coin, he *knows* (for the sake of argument) whether the coin will land heads or tails. However, for the sake of argument, nothing else has changed - the randomness of the coin flip remains random. The Seer has no power to influence the randomness of the coin flip and each flip ends in a perfectly random result. The results of the coin flip has no pattern, has no direction, no method, no consciousness - the perfect definition of "random". Neverthless, the Seer will always know what happens, even though the mechanism of each occurrence is perfectly random.
Logically, can such a being exist? For the sake of argument, assume Mr. Seer exists (something or someone that reads Time like a book) and that true randomness also exists. These two statements do not appear to be incompatible with each other in any way, aside from the obvious suspension of disbelief in Mr. Seer, of course.
Back to the choice of a Red vs Blue sweater. If a person has an equal preference for both colors, he may decide to flip a coin. In reality, the coin flip here is not completely random, so he decides to use this device: a true random number generator:
http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v464/n7291/full/nature09008.html
Relying on the randomness of a quantum scale, the decision of whether he chooses RED vs BLUE comes down to TRUE randomness.
The fact that the hypothetical Mr Seer can still *know* what color of sweater Sally decides to wear remains independent of the true randomness of the decision. The CHOICE was Sally's to go with a random colored sweater. By definition of randomness however ultimately, the fact that she is wearing a RED sweater (for example)
could not have been predetermined but was
chosen by Sally through the randomness of the event.
Here, I will quote you again, but let's replacement Omniscient God with Mr. Seer:
The independence of Mr. Seer's knowledge of what Sally will wear does not invalidate the choice that Sally made. Sally chose by its nature,
uncertainty. Is there a difference between choosing uncertainty and the "illusion of choice" of Sally's own decision to choose uncertainty? You can argue that Mr. Seer knew that Sally would leave it up randomness, thus, Sally had no free will or choice in the matter of which sweater she wears. However, by definition of "choice" (more specifically free choice or free will), Sally has broken causality, the defining factor of determinism.
If causality is the force behind determinism, then the opposite - true randomness, must logically force non-determinism.
We know randomness exists in the Universe. We know that people will often choose semblances of randomness (if they can not find a spare true random generation device).
This doesn't translate 100% into a proof for free will or choice, of course, but it seems obvious to me that Science has come a fairly long way of moving away from simple domino causality. Perhaps the truth is somewhere in between, but as the answer to the question of "Knowledge" and "Choice", they are not incompatible.
Mr. Seer knows that Sally chose to leave it up to the Universe, and the Universe was going to be pick Red sweater or Blue Sweater. Mr. Seer also knows that the Universe goes with Red Sweater... this time. Mr. Seer, by definition of his omniscience as Mr. Seer, knows what the Universe goes with every time in the whole expanse of Time itself (which is funny to be talking about like we know all about it because it's still a mysterious construct). For the sake of argument, Mr. Seer knows what will happen but can not influence the randomness of the Universe.
Here's the kicker, Mr. Seer, like an omniscient God, is a pretty damn ridiculous idea. But a hypothetical and realistic thought experiment is still able to beat Mr. Seer.
What does that say about Mr. Seer or ... "God". Yes, I agree that an idea of an Omniscient God is pretttty damn ridiculous.