#1 Quickcharge is an extension of normal charging. A quick charger will charge normal devices at .5 - 2 amps at 5 volts (devices and phones may call it something fancy like fastcharge, quickcharge, ect, it is simply normal 5 volt charging but it is able to draw more amperage if the charger offers it). When a Quickcharge circuit is detected, the circuit will request the voltage it be bumped up, all the way up to 9 volts. It will carefully adjust the amps and voltage as to ramp it down and shut off when the battery is full. It is impossible to do this on regular charging device.
#2 quickcharge doesn't reduce battery life, infact the batteries have been capable of it for a long time, but they required a much smarter charging circuit. One that can scale the power up and down based on current % charged and temperature, as quickcharging will heat up the battery more and you need something to scale down when things get too hot.