OP, I made a similar move (almost same area, but small town north of Topeka so bit more shock going from that to large metro, to Phoenix - well East Valley) in July.
The weather isn't too bad. Yes it gets hot but if you stay out of the sun and can get into A/C you'll be more than fine. I hate hot weather (just now finally is starting to feel like the fall cooldown that Kansas would have in like early September, its ~70 in the day and 40-50 at night), but I didn't have too much issue. It is much less humid than Kansas, but also because of the monsoon season it doesn't get too awful dry during the summer (I think it rained almost every day for like the first week we were here, but it'd have a dust storm then it'd rain for like an hour, then it'd get sunny). And it hasn't been too terribly dry right now (where normally I'd be having issues with dry skin in Kansas; likewise with dry sinuses, I haven't really had that much down here). It is sunny a lot too. It is very dusty though (will basically perpetually have a layer of dust on your windows/car, even without the full dust storms/haboobs).
You can get to snow without much effort (as pointed out Flagstaff gets plenty). If you're outdoorsy I think you'd find a lot to enjoy down here (there's a full on forest not far away, and Sedona and Flagstaff area, of course the Grand Canyon, and if you get up to Utah there's plenty to enjoy). Oh and Lake Havasu. And Vegas and San Diego aren't far if you want what those offer.
Unless you're some pyschotic asshole about immigrants I don't think you'll have a problem down here. Kansas has plenty as well. But if seeing Spanish text or hearing "press _ for English" sends you into a rage then, well you probably need to see a psychiatrist as you have anger issues, but you'll be exposed to some of that (not that its overbearing).
Phoenix is kinda like two big blocks of metro (Really the Phoenix Metro area makes me think of if KC Metro over to Manhattan (so Lawrence and Topeka too) were all right next to each other. Most cities really look similar these days (with lots of suburb style housing/apartments and strip malls dominating). Scottsdale would be like Johnson County area, Tempe would be like K-State/KU, Mesa would be like the area around K-State/KU (some nicer some less nice). Chandler would be like the bedroom communities (between KC/Lawrence, Lawrence/Topeka, Topeka/Manhattan) and nicer parts of Topeka. There's plenty of nice parts (lots of neighborhoods with lagoons where you can go out on paddleboats), and some less nice parts. Some areas you can tell were built up in like the 50s (lots of single story ranch style houses). Guess I can't comment too much on the Northwest part of the metro area (I've been that way but not a lot, seems typical, some nice areas, some not, lots of the strip mall and suburban housing areas).
As pointed out HOAs seem very common around here (might be a good thing to you, I personally hate them, but they don't seem particularly worse or anything). Depending on area prices can be kinda high for housing. I don't know they'd be much worse than KC area, but your cost of living will likely go up. Might have more opportunity though. Supposedly Phoenix area is doing very well (I think best in the nation even?) in economic growth. That can change though (understand that if they get tough on immigrants, that could absolutely hurt the economy here).
Schools actually seem less good than Kansas (if you can believe that, although it sounds like Kansas government was trying to make sure Kansas stays the butt of the jokes with regards to education), in that my nephews in elementary school were actually ahead of where the students (in Chandler, supposedly one of the better districts I believe) were when they started. High school seems roughly similar (two nephews in high school and they're basically doing the same as they were in Kansas). Chandler also does quarters instead of semesters (so summer vacation is much shorter, but they get big breaks in the fall, winter, and spring).
If you like casinos/gambling and resorts there's a lot of them down here. There's plenty of stuff to do (lots of mountainy areas to hike just in and around the city, Camelback in Scottsdale for instance and there's another one that I know is popular). Tempe even has a beach area (where they put a beach up to the canal reservoir area they have).
Driving sucks because it does take plenty of time to get places (it'd probably take you two hours on even a good traffic day to get from the NW corner to the SE corner of the metro area, or 1-1.5 hours north to south or east to west) and traffic can be bad (from what I've seen its worse than KC), so if you have to commute it can suck, but its not California (and probably Eastern corridor DC-Boston) bad. The roads aren't bad but they seem to flood easily, and some little things to get used to but nothing too bad. I can't comment on driver quality (initially they seemed better than Kansas, but I've seen a lot of people drive without their lights on at night, and with the snowbirds here you'll find some people holding up traffic by driving slow).
Tucson is a higher elevation and not in a pit like Phoenix. It also doesn't have an unnaturally higher humidity level like Phoenix does from all of the people who moved there trying to make it look like something it isn't and watering their yards non-stop to keep a green yard & grass growing.
Phoenix does get a monsoon season that brings some pretty crazy weather. Walls of dust coming at you that turn into mud when the rain hits. Bleh. High winds. Some of the most crazy lightning I've ever seen. And rainfalls of an 1" or more in what seems like minutes creating flash floods on a hard packed desert soil make for flooded roads and low laying areas.
The humidity isn't due to people watering their shitty yards (which is ridiculously stupid, but you should be blaming the senseless sprawling green golf courses more), its from them literally paying to import water from the Colorado River via canal to prop up literal farming (that's something that's fairly unique to Phoenix, there's full on farms and ranches in the middle of some of the city areas, most of them in the more dense areas having been bought out finally but there's still quite a few, I pass by a big cotton field and there were multiple cornfields when we first got down here). Actually I think Phoenix being less dry is caused by the ring of mountains getting the the weather from Baja area of Mexico to drop (much like how Western New Mexico gets the rain because the Rockies get it to drop).
After living in Kansas the monsoons are overrated (and people in Asia would likely roll their eyes), they're only bad because the poor drainage causes flash flooding. They're basically just typical thunderstorms only not lasting as long as typical thunderstorm outbreak in Kansas (considering what they called 1 in 100 year events down here this year, seemed like we'd get one a year and often times 2-3 in Kansas, and plenty of other storming). Sure the dust storms can get kinda bad (but not really any worse than say the snowstorms that plenty of other places get, and typically is closer to just fog; and usually they're followed by a quick rain that clears the air).
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