Just a data point showing US primary school funding vs funding in other countries.
American Exceptionalism - our government is consistently worse than every other government in the developed world. Our private organizations seem worse too.
Other countries focus their efforts on education. We focus our efforts on everything but education. Schools in other countries don't have metal detectors. Other countries don't try to make schools look more like prison (
seriously). Other countries don't fire teachers so they can hire more administrators. Other countries don't have weird incentives where schools get increased funding if they lower their standards and pump out lower quality graduates.
Our system is so completely broken that it leads to conspiracy theories about dumbing down the population, not teaching critical thinking because thinking makes people harder to control, not teaching math because it makes credit cards easier to push, not teaching history because it makes people easier to manipulate.
The more likely cause of failure is cultural, and it's fairly recent. You can see this by looking at Asian culture and comparing it to American culture. Asian culture seems to embrace the concept of studying and hard work. American media/culture often glorifies the opposite, or it portrays the opposite as normal. As Chris Rock points out, Americans like bragging about not knowing things. Americans brag about how little they work, how easy their job is. It's almost like you're doing something wrong if what you are doing is difficult. I'm guilty of this too. I would take pride in doing well in school
while doing little or no work. I would actually look down on people who studied for several hours and got the same grade as me. Why? It's because they were working. They were trying too hard. They were too disciplined.
Now apply that same mentality to the ghetto and guess what should be the result. The kids who do well might actually lose the respect of their peers because it looks like they are trying too hard, they are putting in too many hours studying, they're not keeping it real.
I'm not sure what the solution is, but it would probably take decades of social engineering. Americans need to be trained that hard work is a good thing. Studying is honorable. It's ok if you had to struggle with a problem for a few hours before solving it.