HIV tests can be done with blood or via saliva swab.
Chlamydia and gonorrhea can be tested via DNA amplification with a urine sample.
RPR (rapid plasma reagin) is a blood test that screens for syphilis.
Herpes is where is gets tricky- a blood test is available however the majority of people probably test positive for it, because it's very easy to be exposed and subsequently test positive for HSV antibodies. However that doesn't mean you truly are a carrier of the "dreaded" form of herpes that creates sores, etc.
HPV is the most common STD and if you've had sex with someone other than a virgin, well, you've probably got some for of it. There are hundreds of forms of HPV.