Here's a few ideas for you from a former english major:
The Book of Laughter and Forgetting-Milan Kundera...deep and a quick read
The Unbearable Lightness of Being-Milan Kundera...a little racy, but good!
The Great Gatsby-Fitzgerald...if you haven't had to read this already, you probably will have to in college for a lib ed english class. Lots of color symbolism.
My Antonia-Willa Cather...sort of like a serious "Little House on the Prairie" type book. Again, lots of symbolism.
A River Runs Through It-Norman Maclean...excellent read, and short.
Any of Vonnegut's earlier stuff is funny, deep, and relatively short.
"On the Road" or "Dharma Bums"-Jack Kerouac. Some people love him, some people hate him.
The Red Badge of Courage-Stephen Crane...classic war story
As others have said...Old Man and the Sea and Catch-22. Tom Wolfe is great, but his novels are rather long. Read "The Right Stuff" someday if you're interested in pilots & astronauts.
The thing is, you should be able to find LOTS of information about any of these books on the web. You may even be able to find the entire books published on the web, which would give you a chance to sample before you commit to anything.
Good luck...and let us know what you decide