Shun 6" or 8" chef or santoku knife (classic line is in your budget). These knives will take care of almost all of the cutting needs in the kitchen. They keep their edge ridiculously well (mine are going on 2 years, will probaly send them out to get stone-sharpened next year). Due to their sharp edges, they require less actual "muscle" and allows you to make nicer slices/chops/cuts. Dull blades require more "muscle" which can lead to the knife "slipping" off of the food item and you cutting yourself due to that sudden movement.
For steak knives, I got henkels from bed bath and beyond with the 20% coupons and they have been going strong for over 8 years and cost about 15$ per blade.
One great knife for 150$ will most definitely be far better than an entire collection of knives at the same price. Especially because most of the knives in the knife block receive very little use. Buying one great knife allows you to focus your funds on the knife that you use the most. Beyond a great chef or santoku knife, the next investment (soon after) is a honing steel to keep the edge straight. Proper technique is a must with a honing steel (Alton Brown has a good technique). The next knife to be purchased will most likely be a utility knife. The utility knife makes slicing bread, tomatoes, and similar items a breeze without "squashing" the item since the fine serations grip the item to be sliced very effectively.
With those two knives (and a set of steak knives) you may not have to purchase any other knife for a very long time for general needs. If you need to do a lot of paring, then obviously, a paring knife is needed. I believe the founder of Williams Sonoma quoted that a kitchen only needs 3 knives... The chef's knife, the paring knife, and the utility knife.
Good luck!