It's probably a simple fix. This error frequently appears when something is amiss in the "boot.ini" file, the file that tells Windows where to look for its installation files. I'm assuming he's using Windows XP. You need to boot to the XP CD, which probably means going into the bios first and setting the boot order to CD first in the list of boot devices.
Once that is set, put the XP CD in the drive and boot up. Let it go through its initial startup routine "Setup is checking your drive" or some such and it loads drivers. Eventually it will come to a screen and stop.
It will ask if you want to repair windows or install Windows. Type "R" and Enter to enter the "Recovery Console".
When Recovery Console starts, it will ask you which Windows installation you want to repair. I'm assuming he only has one, so type in the number 1 and hit the enter key. (If he has multiple installations of xp, choose the one that needs fixing by its number).
Now, you will be asked to enter the Adminstrator password. He'll need to do that correctly.
Once that is done, you will probably be at a "C:\Windows" prompt.
Now, you're in Recovery Console mode.
Now, do this (cut and pasted from another website)
Then type "chkdsk /p" without the quotes and hit enter
When that is done type "fixboot" and hit enter
"Y" and enter at the prompt
Then type "exit" and hit enter
The system should now reboot into Windows