There are plenty of guides already available on the web so I won't get into the ABC's of memory terminology!
If you plan to max out your mainboard's memory capacity, a little research into your chipset and any vendor specific information is necessary.
For example, a 512MB double sided PC2100 DIMM is considered high density, as is a 256MB SINGLE side PC2100 DIMM. It's important to RTFM to know both the chipset limitations (if they're explained and a good manual will) and the rules of memory placement depending on the board layout.
As for performance and stability, high density ram is often blamed for overclocking less then low density ram. People with KT266A boards running at 200MHz (true) FSB can provide plenty of testimonials here.
In any case, it's always better to have a single 256MB DIMM over a pair of 128's OR a single 512 over a pair of 256's. I think you get the idea...
Cheers!