The die shrink to 28nm, as soon as TMSC can ship in volumes, will mark the introduction of Kal-EL+, confirmed by Nvidia's CEO. The die shrink from 40nm to 28nm was important enough for a refresh and Anand hinted so in one of the articles.
Given how constrained TSMCs 28nm process is right now and that NVidia will want to use as much of it that's available to them for their desktop and notebook GPUs, I can't see the Kal-El+ coming out soon. Also if it's just a die shrink it will have to compete with chips based on the Cortex-A15 core, which is a significant improvement over the A9 cores in SoCs right now.
A6? Let's face it, Apple has always had superior SoC. Apple's future SoC's should remain successful but the rest of the market will poke holes in Apple's comparatively long refresh cycles.
I doubt it given how well the iPhone 4 continues to sell even though most people expected the iPhone 5 to launch in the summer. If this were going to happen, it would have by now.
Android, at least in SoC performance comparisons, didn't exist in 2008 and didn't show up for in 2009. Remember the original Tegra? Me neither lol. Some may to refuse to recall but I remember The 3GS's SoC running circles around it's Android counterparts, the A4 did as well.
The SoC used in the iPhone 3GS was an SoC designed and manufactured by Samsung. Also the ARM CPU core was underclocked by a decent amount. If anything, the 3GS had a worse SoC and by no means had any advantage over other devices. If anything, it was that Android was still relatively new and the code was still relatively crap.
I'm confident future Apple's SoC's will continue to make an impact, much like it has been the case in the past. Ultimately, it's the sheer number of competing SoC's and how frequently they are launched that will prevent Apple's SoC's staying on top for long. Apple has Nvidia, Qualcomm, TI and soon Intel to fight against. Any innovations are likely to be adopted sooner by Apple's competition due to the count Android SoC's launched throughout the year, as opposed to Apple's once a year timeline they have to do with. An example: Chip stacking appears to be on the verge of a breakthrough that's big enough to challenge Moore's law. Let's assume the breakthrough in chip stacking happens tomorrow and yields a 50% performance gain, Android products are bound to implement it sooner, with their design and production cycles scattered throughout the year.
Apple really isn't making any innovations in their SoCs. Right now their competitors have access to the same CPU and GPU cores if they want and most likely get their chips fabricated by the same company on the same process as Apple.
You're assumption that some miraculous breakthrough will occur in such a short span of time is fairly naive. Generally if someone makes some such breakthrough, it takes a long time before that breakthrough can be brought to market. Long before the new process is ready to actually fab chips, the company developing it will have let their partners know about, when it will be available, etc.
Even if the time frame for a new process doesn't match Apple's release schedule, on average they're no worse than half a year away from building a new chip. Some may even consider that preferable as Apple would get a more mature process and have a longer lead time to ramp up chip production.
Android manufacturers aren't going to be much better off. They might plan to ship a new device around the time that they can get chips based on the new process, but they still need to test these devices and work out any bugs with the new chip. Building a mobile device isn't something that happens overnight and trying to shoehorn new hardware into an existing device after the fact is a recipe for disaster.