Terminal-phase defence systems, by contrast, are designed to intercept incoming weapons during the final stage of flight. Also known as “in-atmosphere” defence systems, they include the widely deployed THAAD, Patriot and the Aegis SM-2 and SM-6 interceptors.
THAAD has been deployed at US military bases in Bahrain and Kuwait, as well as in South Korea and Israel. Its interceptor missiles travel at around Mach 9 and are equipped with two propulsion systems – one for maneuvering and one for attitude control – to enable direct-impact interception.
“The system operates at altitudes between 40km and 150km. When hypersonic missiles glide at lower altitudes, they become difficult to intercept, and at higher altitudes, they are vulnerable to decoy interference,” the team said.