For the sake of conversation, is it possible to use Windows Firewall in Windows 10 to block any or all of these outgoing connections or has Microsoft hardware wired them to bypass the firewall?
Firewall is software, so no "hardware wires".
There are some applications that by nature connect to the network stack outside of the firewall. DHCPd, tcpdump and wireshark are such (in Linux).
Firewall is an ordered set of filter rules, where first match is used. Technically, a ruleset can contain a high-priority rule that cannot be shown, removed, or superceded by firewall configuration tools, but that makes the tools more complex.
Network security has always emphasized layers of defence. Most of us have a box (usually called "router" or "modem") of some sort between our PC and ISP. A second firewall. The "analysis" copy-paste-reported by Forbes did use one (in horribly incompetent or intentionally fearmongering way). Nevertheless, there is no way that MS can work around a "faulty cable".
Speaking of "faulty cable". The "router" has IP addresses on both subnets. Its existence is known. Windows knows the address of the gateway. Networked games, for example, do use protocols supported by router to temporarily allow specific traffic.
Add a bridge. A bridge (and switch) needs no IP address. It is invisible. It does not support "knock here to open". Yet, a bridge can be configured to filter traffic that is passing through. It is essentially a "deliberately faulty cable".