However, compared with control participants, shooting case participants were signi?cantly more often Hispanic, more frequently working in high-risk occupations 1,2 , less educated, and had a greater frequency of prior arrest. At the time of shooting, case participants were also signi?cantly more often involved with alcohol and drugs, outdoors, and closer to areas where more Blacks, Hispanics, and unemployed indi- viduals resided. Case participants were also more likely to be located in areas with less income and more illicit drug traf?cking (Table 1).