I think that they may be discharges of currents due to the electromagnetic pulse in surface blasts. We don't see those in high atmospheric blasts as far as I know. Or they could be monitoring rocket trails.
Here's another detailed explanation of what happens during the various types of nuclear explosions, along with Quicktime videos for download.
Many operations photographs for those who want to see it from the point of view of those who attended the US atmospheric tests, including a snafu during Hardtack when the Teak event rocket veered off course and detonated directly high above the monitoring bunker.
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