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Folding fact #58
1850 Ignaz Semmelweis used epidemiological observations to propose the hypothesis that childbed fever can be spread from mother to mother by physicians. He tested the hypothesis by having physicians wash their hands after examining each patient. He became despised by the medical profession and lost his job.
1850 Ignaz Semmelweis used epidemiological observations to propose the hypothesis that childbed fever can be spread from mother to mother by physicians. He tested the hypothesis by having physicians wash their hands after examining each patient. He became despised by the medical profession and lost his job.
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Folding fact #60
1856 Karl Ludwig discovered a technique for keeping animal organs alive outside the body, by pumping blood through them. In contrast to the ideas of Justis Liebig, Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895) asserted that microbes are responsible for fermentation. His experiments in the ensuing years proved that fermentation is the result of activity of yeasts and bacteria.
1856 Karl Ludwig discovered a technique for keeping animal organs alive outside the body, by pumping blood through them. In contrast to the ideas of Justis Liebig, Louis Pasteur (1822 - 1895) asserted that microbes are responsible for fermentation. His experiments in the ensuing years proved that fermentation is the result of activity of yeasts and bacteria.
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Folding fact #61
1859 Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882) hypothesized that animal populations adapt their forms over time to best exploit the environment, a process he referred to as "natural selection." As he traveled in the Galapagos Islands, he observed how the finch's beaks on each island were adapted to their food sources. He theorized that only the creatures best suited to their environment survive to reproduce. Darwin also inferred the process of adaptive radiation, wherein populations spread out into the environment to exploit specialized resources.
1859 Charles Darwin (1809 - 1882) hypothesized that animal populations adapt their forms over time to best exploit the environment, a process he referred to as "natural selection." As he traveled in the Galapagos Islands, he observed how the finch's beaks on each island were adapted to their food sources. He theorized that only the creatures best suited to their environment survive to reproduce. Darwin also inferred the process of adaptive radiation, wherein populations spread out into the environment to exploit specialized resources.
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Folding fact #62
1862 The Organic Act established the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) - formerly the Division of Agriculture in the Patent Office - and directed its commissioner "to collect new and valuable seeds and plants . . . and to distribute them among agriculturalists."
Also in the US, the Morrill Act established the "land-grant" colleges of agriculture and mechanical arts. Each state is given money raised from the sale of federal lands to start and support the colleges.
1862 The Organic Act established the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) - formerly the Division of Agriculture in the Patent Office - and directed its commissioner "to collect new and valuable seeds and plants . . . and to distribute them among agriculturalists."
Also in the US, the Morrill Act established the "land-grant" colleges of agriculture and mechanical arts. Each state is given money raised from the sale of federal lands to start and support the colleges.
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Folding fact #63
1863 Louis Pasteur invented the process of pasteurization, heating wine sufficiently to inactivate microbes (that would otherwise turn the "vin" to "vin aigre" or "sour wine") while at the same time not ruining the flavor of the wine.
Anton de Bary proved that a fungus causes potato blight. A challenge for scientists during this period was to discern whether a microbe was the cause of, or the result of, a disease.
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Folding fact #65
1865 Gregor Mendel (1822 - 1884), an Augustinian monk, presented his laws of heredity to the Natural Science Society in Brunn, Austria. Mendel proposed that invisible internal units of information account for observable traits, and that these "factors" - which later became known as genes - are passed from one generation to the next. Mendel's work remained unnoticed, languishing in the shadow of Darwin's more sensational publication from five years earlier, until 1900, when Hugo de Vries, Erich Von Tschermak, and Carl Correns published research corroborating Mendel's mechanism of heredity.
Pasteur investigated silkworm disease and established that diseases can be transmitted from one animal to another.
Joseph Lister began using disinfectants such as phenol (=carbolic acid) in wound care and surgery as Pasteur developed the germ theory of disease.
1865 Gregor Mendel (1822 - 1884), an Augustinian monk, presented his laws of heredity to the Natural Science Society in Brunn, Austria. Mendel proposed that invisible internal units of information account for observable traits, and that these "factors" - which later became known as genes - are passed from one generation to the next. Mendel's work remained unnoticed, languishing in the shadow of Darwin's more sensational publication from five years earlier, until 1900, when Hugo de Vries, Erich Von Tschermak, and Carl Correns published research corroborating Mendel's mechanism of heredity.
Pasteur investigated silkworm disease and established that diseases can be transmitted from one animal to another.
Joseph Lister began using disinfectants such as phenol (=carbolic acid) in wound care and surgery as Pasteur developed the germ theory of disease.
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Folding fact #66
1868 Davaine used heat treatment to cure a plant of bacterial infection.
Fredrich Miescher, a Swiss biologist, successfully isolated nuclein, a compound that includes nucleic acid, from pus cells obtained from discarded bandages. Meischer, however, was not investigating heredity. Instead, he was trying to identify the chemicals in cells. Several generations of scientists would pass before the connection would be made between the DNA found by Miescher and the laws of heredity described by Mendel just three years previously.
1868 Davaine used heat treatment to cure a plant of bacterial infection.
Fredrich Miescher, a Swiss biologist, successfully isolated nuclein, a compound that includes nucleic acid, from pus cells obtained from discarded bandages. Meischer, however, was not investigating heredity. Instead, he was trying to identify the chemicals in cells. Several generations of scientists would pass before the connection would be made between the DNA found by Miescher and the laws of heredity described by Mendel just three years previously.
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Folding fact #68
1871 DNA was isolated from the sperm of trout found in the Rhine River.
Darwin published "The Descent of Man and Selection Relation to Sex" applying his ideas of evolution to the origins of humans.
Ernst Hoppe-Seyler discovered invertase, an enzyme that cuts the disaccharide sucrose into glucose and fructose. The enzyme is still widely used today in making sweeteners.
1871 DNA was isolated from the sperm of trout found in the Rhine River.
Darwin published "The Descent of Man and Selection Relation to Sex" applying his ideas of evolution to the origins of humans.
Ernst Hoppe-Seyler discovered invertase, an enzyme that cuts the disaccharide sucrose into glucose and fructose. The enzyme is still widely used today in making sweeteners.
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Folding fact #71
1878 Joseph Lister described the "most probable number" technique, the first method for the isolation of pure cultures of bacteria, an important step in understanding infectious diseases.
Ralph Waldo Emerson suggested that weeds were actually plants "whose virtues have not yet been discovered."
1878 Joseph Lister described the "most probable number" technique, the first method for the isolation of pure cultures of bacteria, an important step in understanding infectious diseases.
Ralph Waldo Emerson suggested that weeds were actually plants "whose virtues have not yet been discovered."
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Folding fact #73
1880 Studying fowl cholera, Pasteur published his work on "attenuated" or weakened strains of organisms that could not cause disease but protected against severe forms of the same disease.
The power of the steam engine was harnessed to drive combine harvesters.
1880 Studying fowl cholera, Pasteur published his work on "attenuated" or weakened strains of organisms that could not cause disease but protected against severe forms of the same disease.
The power of the steam engine was harnessed to drive combine harvesters.
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Folding fact #74
1881 Robert Koch described bacterial colonies growing on potato slices, on gelatin medium, and on agar medium. Nutrient agar became a standard tool for obtaining pure cultures and for identifying genetic mutants. This is considered by T.D. Brock to be the single most important discovery in the rise of microbiology.
Pasteur used attenuation to develop vaccines against the bacterial pathogens of fowl cholera and anthrax; this was a founding moment in immunology and opened new areas in the field of preventive medicine.
1881 Robert Koch described bacterial colonies growing on potato slices, on gelatin medium, and on agar medium. Nutrient agar became a standard tool for obtaining pure cultures and for identifying genetic mutants. This is considered by T.D. Brock to be the single most important discovery in the rise of microbiology.
Pasteur used attenuation to develop vaccines against the bacterial pathogens of fowl cholera and anthrax; this was a founding moment in immunology and opened new areas in the field of preventive medicine.
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Folding fact #75
1882 Walther Flemming reported his discovery of chromosomes and mitosis.
Robert Koch, using guinea pigs as an alternative host, described the bacterium that causes tuberculosis in humans. Koch became the first to uncover the cause of a human microbial disease. He established that specific diseases are caused by specific organisms.
Ilya Metchnikoff observed phagocytes surrounding microorganisms in starfish larvae. Later, he developed a cell theory to explain the action of vaccines.
A Swiss botanist, Alphonse de Candolle, recorded the first extensive study on the origins and history of cultivated plants. His work later played a significant role in J. J. Vavilos' mapping of the world's centers of diversity.
1882 Walther Flemming reported his discovery of chromosomes and mitosis.
Robert Koch, using guinea pigs as an alternative host, described the bacterium that causes tuberculosis in humans. Koch became the first to uncover the cause of a human microbial disease. He established that specific diseases are caused by specific organisms.
Ilya Metchnikoff observed phagocytes surrounding microorganisms in starfish larvae. Later, he developed a cell theory to explain the action of vaccines.
A Swiss botanist, Alphonse de Candolle, recorded the first extensive study on the origins and history of cultivated plants. His work later played a significant role in J. J. Vavilos' mapping of the world's centers of diversity.
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Folding fact #76
1883 August Weismann, a German physiologist, coined the term "germ-plasm." He asserted in his book of the same name that the male and female parent contribute equally to the heredity of the offspring; that sexual reproduction thus generates new combinations of hereditary factors; and that the chromosomes must be the bearers of heredity. His books were translated promptly into French and English. Francis Galton coined the term "eugenics" referring to the science of improving the human condition through "judicious matings."
1883 August Weismann, a German physiologist, coined the term "germ-plasm." He asserted in his book of the same name that the male and female parent contribute equally to the heredity of the offspring; that sexual reproduction thus generates new combinations of hereditary factors; and that the chromosomes must be the bearers of heredity. His books were translated promptly into French and English. Francis Galton coined the term "eugenics" referring to the science of improving the human condition through "judicious matings."
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Folding fact #77
1884 Robert Koch stated his "postulates" for testing whether a microbe is the causal agent of a disease.
Pasteur developed a rabies vaccine.
Christian Gram described the differential staining technique for bacteria known as the Gram stain.
Gregor Mendel died after 41 years of meticulously studying the heredity "factors" of pea plants. Having received no scientific acclaim during his lifetime, he said not long before his death, "My time will come."
1884 Robert Koch stated his "postulates" for testing whether a microbe is the causal agent of a disease.
Pasteur developed a rabies vaccine.
Christian Gram described the differential staining technique for bacteria known as the Gram stain.
Gregor Mendel died after 41 years of meticulously studying the heredity "factors" of pea plants. Having received no scientific acclaim during his lifetime, he said not long before his death, "My time will come."
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Folding fact #81
1887 Edouard-Joseph-Louis-Marie van Beneden discovered that each species has a fixed number of chromosomes; he also discovered the formation of haploid cells during cell division of sperm and ova (meiosis).
R.J. Petri described the circular glass plates with overlapping glass lids for growing microbes on nutrient agar. Petri plates are still standard tools of the microbiologist.
The Pasteur Institute was opened in Paris.
1887 Edouard-Joseph-Louis-Marie van Beneden discovered that each species has a fixed number of chromosomes; he also discovered the formation of haploid cells during cell division of sperm and ova (meiosis).
R.J. Petri described the circular glass plates with overlapping glass lids for growing microbes on nutrient agar. Petri plates are still standard tools of the microbiologist.
The Pasteur Institute was opened in Paris.
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Folding fact #82
1892 Ivanovsky reported that the causal agent of the tobacco mosaic disease is transmissible and can pass through filters that trap the smallest bacteria. Such agents are later called "filterable viruses" or just "viruses." The self-propelled tractor was introduced.
1892 Ivanovsky reported that the causal agent of the tobacco mosaic disease is transmissible and can pass through filters that trap the smallest bacteria. Such agents are later called "filterable viruses" or just "viruses." The self-propelled tractor was introduced.
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