If you want to be absolutely sure you don't further damage your files, the safest thing you can do is to remove your hard drive, connect it as a slave drive on another machine and copy your files to that machine's hard drive or burn them to CD or DVD.
You may be able to recover your currently installed setup through the Windows recovery console. However, I strongly recommend first saving your critical files.
To do the same thing on your own machine while setting up a backup system, get another hard drive at least as large as your current drive, install it as your main drive, and re-install Windows. Then, as above, you will be able to slave up your original drive and copy your files to your new drive.
Get a copy of Acronis True Image or an older version of Norton Ghost that runs from bootable DOS disk. Version 7 or 8 should work well. These programs programs contain several backup and copy options, including the ability allow you to "clone" your entire, running drive. If your main drive fails, you can replace it with the cloned drive, and it will boot right up and work without having to re-install Windows.
Maxtor/Seagate provides a free version of Acronis True Image that works ONLY if at least one of the two drives (source or target) is a Maxtor or Seagate drive. You can download the utility from their site. If your main drive isn't a Maxtor or Seagate, you now have incentive to look for a deal on those brands.
You can then use one drive as your main drive and mount the other in a
mobile rack, a tray and rack system that allows you to mount a 2.5" drive in a pluggable tray that plugs into rack in a 5.25" bay in your machine.
Choose a moble rack for your drive (IDE or SATA). It connects directly to your machine's hard drive controller. Depending on the drives and the motherboard's controller, you can back up fairly large drives in 6 - 30 minutes. You could also install the backup drive in an external USB box, but the transfer time (the time it takes to back up your drive) would be considerably longer.