These studies and Moonbeam's studies are all garbage. Well, maybe not the studies, but the erroneous conclusions drawn from them. At least there is one against both sides now...
You must be a conservative. What I have presented and what cybrsage presents here are scientific studies. They may be garbage to an idiot know nothing, but they remain scientific studies that can or maybe won't be backed up by other observers as is the scientific way. What cybrsage makes out of the study or what I interpret them to mean IS possibly garbage. Here is some of one of the studies:
The human protein is coded by the DRD4 on chromosome 11 located in 11p15.5.
There are slight variations (mutations/polymorphisms) in the human gene:
A 48-base pair VNTR in exon 3
C-521T in the promoter
13-base pair deletion of bases 235 to 247 in exon 1
12 base pair repeat in exon I.[3]
Val194Gly
A polymorphic tandem duplication of 120 bp
Mutations in this gene have been associated with various behavioral phenotypes, including autonomic nervous system dysfunction, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder,[4] schizophrenia,[5] and the personality trait of novelty seeking.[6]
[edit] 48-base pair VNTR
The 48-base pair VNTR in exon 3 range from 2 to 11 repeats. The frequency of the alleles varies greatly between populations, e.g., the 7-repeat version has high incidence in America and low in Asia.[7] "Long" versions of polymorphisms are the alleles with 6 to 10 repeats. 7R appears to react less strongly to dopamine molecules.[8]
The 'DRD4 long' variant, or more specifically the 7 repeat (7R), has been loosely linked to a susceptibility for developing ADHD[9] and other psychological traits and disorders.
The 48 bp VNTR has been the subject of much speculation about its evolution and role in human behaviors cross-culturally. The 7R allele appears to have been selected for about 40,000 years ago.[7] In 1999 Chen and colleagues[10] observed that populations who migrated farther in the past 30,000 to 1,000 years ago had a higher frequency of 7R/long alleles. They also showed that nomadic populations had higher frequencies of 7R alleles than sedentary ones. More recently it was observed that the health status of nomadic Ariaal men was higher if they had 7R alleles. However in recently sedentary (non-nomadic) Ariaal those with 7R alleles seemed to have slightly deteriorated health.[11]
[edit] Novelty seeking
Despite early findings of an association between the DRD4 48bp VNTR and novelty seeking (a characteristic of exploratory and excitable people),[12][13] a 2008 meta-analysis compared 36 published studies of novelty seeking and the polymorphism and found no effect. The meta-analysis of 11 studies did find that another polymorphism in the gene, the -521C/T, showed an association with novelty seeking.[14] In any case, novelty-seeking behavior is probably mediated by several genes, and the variance attributable to DRD4 by itself is not particularly large.
[edit] Cognitive development
Several studies have suggested that parenting may affect the cognitive development of children with the 7-repeat allele of DRD4.[15] Parenting that has maternal sensitivity, mindfulness, and autonomysupport at 15 months was found to children's later executive functions at 18 to 20 months.[15] Children with poorer quality parenting were more impulsive and sensation seeking than those with higher quality parenting.[15] Higher quality parenting was associated with better effortful control in 4-year-olds.[15]
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In short what the science does tell us is that about a third of novelty seeking may be genetic and a half the result of nurture. If those results spill over to the defective brain problems conservatives have there is great hope a decent childhood will be able to save millions of future conservatives from the nightmare they experience today.
The studies also tell us why liberals and cities go together, namely that early exposure to different kinds of people promotes tolerance and adjustment in the modern global village, just the very thing that is driving the worlds Taliban to distraction. My dear conservative American Taliban fundamentalists substitutes, please try to keep up.
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