The patients were all women born without functioning vaginas due to a rare but severe condition known as
Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser Syndrome. While they all had vulvas, the external part of the female sex organs, they didn't have a vaginal cavity, meaning they couldn't menstruate or have sex. There were also, obviously, psychological effects.Using a technique
first developed on rabbits—where, funnily enough, the first solid organ grown was a penis—Atala's team took samples from the women's vulvas and grew them on a degradable scaffold made of
collagen in a lab. Once they'd reached the right level of maturity, the doctors inserted the engineered vagina into a cavity they'd formed in the patients' abdomens. The scaffold was attached to the uterus and a stent was used to hold it in place for the first six weeks. After just six months, the vagina was fully developed. Depending on the patient, Atala waited between four and eight years before publishing his findings to ensure there were no complications. There weren't.