How modest our expectations are about "aliens," and how shoddy the standards of evidence that many of us are willing to accept, can be found in the saga of the crop circles. Originating in Great Britain and spreading throughout the world was something surpassing strange.
Farmers or passerby would notice circles (and, in later years, much more complex pictograms) impressed upon fields of wheat, oats, barley and rapeseed. Begining with simple circles in the middle of the 1970's, the phenomenon progressed year by year, until by the late 1980's and early 1990's the countryside, especially in southern England, was graced by immense geometrical figures, some the size of football fields, imprinted on cereal grain before the harvest - circles tangent to circles, or connected by axes, parallel lines drooping off, "insectoids. Some of the patterns showed a central circle surrounded by four symetrically placed smaller circles - clearly, it was concluded, caused by a flying saucer and it's four landing pods.
A hoax? Impossible, almost everyone said. There were hundreds of cases. It was done sometimes in only an hour or two in the dead of the night, and such a large scale. No footprints of pranksters leading towards or away from the pictograms could be found. And besides, what possible motive could there be for such a hoax?
Many less convetional conjectures were offered. People with some scientific training examined sites, spun arguments, instituted whole journals to the subject. Were the figures caused by stange whirlwinds called "columnar vortices," or even stranger ones called "ring vortices"? What about ball lightning? Japanese invesigators tried to simulate, in the laboratory and on a small scale, the plasma physics they thought was working its way on far-off Wiltshire.
But especially as the crop figures became more and more complex, meteorological or electrical explanations became more strained. Plainly, it was due to UFO's, the aliens communicating to us in a geometrical language. Or perhaps it was the devil, or the long suffering Earth complaing about the depredations visited upon it by the hand of man. New Age tourists came in droves. All-night vigils were undertaken by enthusiasts equipped with audio recorders and infared vision scopes. Print and electronic media from all over the world tracked the intrepid cerealogists. Best-selling books on extraterrestial crop distorters were purchased by a breathless and admiring public. True, no sauces was actually seen settling down on the wheat, no geometrical figure was filmed in the course of being generated. But dowsers authenticated their alien origin, and channelers made contact with the entites responsibile. "Orgone energy" was detected within the circles.
Questions were asked in Parliament. The royal family called in for special consultation Lord Solly Zuckerman, the former principal scientific advisor to to the Ministry of Defence. Ghosts were said to be involved; also, the Knights Templar of Malta and other secret societies. Satanists were implicated. The Defence Ministry was covering the matter up. A few inept and inelegant circles were judged attempts by the military to throw the public off track. The tabloid press had a field day. The Daily Mirror hired a farmer and his son to make five circles in hope of tempting a rival tabloid, The Daily Express, into reporting the story. The Express was, in this case at least, not taken in.
"Cerealogical" organizations grew and splintered. Competing groups sent each other intimidating doggerel. Accusations were made of incompetence and worse. The number of crop circles rose into the thousands. The phenomenon spread to the US, Canada, Bulgaria, Hungary, Japan, the Netherlands. The pictograms - especially the more complex of them - began to be quoted increasingly as proof of alien visitation. One scientist of my acquaintance wrote to me that extremely sophisticated mathematics was hidden in these figures. In fact, one matter on which almost all the contending cerealogists agreed is that the later crop figures were to complex and elegant to be due to mere human intervention, much less to some ragged and irresponsible hoaxers. Extraterrestial intelligence was apparent at a glance...
In 1991, Doug Bower and Dave Chorley, two blokes from Southampton announced that they had been making crop figures for 15 years. They dreamed it up over stout one evening in their regular pub, The Percy Hobbes. They had been amused at recent UFO reports and thought it might be fun to spoof the UFO gullibles. At first they flattened the wheat with the heavy steel bar that Bower used as a security device on the door of his picture framing shop. Later on they used planks and ropes. Their first efforts only took a few minutes. But, being inveterate pranksters as well as serious artists, the challenge began to grow on them. Gradually, they designed and executed more and more demanding figures...
...Eventually Bower and Chorley tired of of the increasingly elaborate prank. While in excellent physical condition, they were both in their sixties now and a little too old for nocturnal commando operations in the fields of unknown and often unsympathetic farmers...
...So they confessed. They demonstrated to reporters how they made even the most elaborate insectoid patterns. You might think that never again would it be argued that a sustained hoax over so many years is impossible, and never again would we hear that no one could possibly be motivated to decieve the gullible into thinking that aliens exist. But the media paid brief attention. Cerealogists urged them to go easy; after all, they were depriving many of the pleasure of imagining wonderous happenings.
The tenants of skepticism do not require an advanced degree to master, as most successful used car buyers demonstrate. The whole idea of a democratic application of skepticism is that everyone should have the essential tools to effectively and constructively evaluate claims to knowledge. All science asks for is to employ the same levels of skepticism we use in buying a used car or judging the qualities of analgesics or beer from their TV commercials.
But the tools of skepticism are generally unavailable to the citizens of our society. They're hardly ever mentioned in schools, even in the presentation of science, its most ardent practitioner, although skepticism repeatedly sprouts spontaneously out of the dissapointments of everyday life. Our politics, economics, advertising, and religions are awash in credulity. Those who have something to sell, those who wish to influence public opinion, those in power, a skeptic might suggest, have a vested interest in discouraging skepticism.
-excerpted from The Alien Haunted World by carl Sagan. All typos are my own.