Bush inherited a mess of the economy and then 9/11 compounded the issue. Yet his policies were in place as the economy recovered for 4 years. Again, has he raised taxes would the TARP crash happened; most likely - this was neglect built up over the years?
I don't place the responsibility for the events that led up to the TARP being implemented at Bush at all.
Senators Graham, Leach & Bliley are the main Lawmakers are largely responsible for it. As is President Clinton for signing it.
As for whether or not taxes matter. One thing is certain no sitting President in the past 100 years at least has ever lowered taxes during a war and kept them lowered.
Another thing to bring up is that in the years when the top marginal tax rates were very high, recessions while they still happened tended to be shorter than a year and didn't go as low as either the Great Depression or the so called Great Recession. There also weren't any banking panics of note.
Even though correlation =/= causation admittedly; It's something to explore to actually see if there is a causal relationship. It could also have been just the Glass-Steagall act by itself or that in combination with higher taxes.
The effect of higher taxes tends to reduce the amount of money people have burning in their pockets to speculate with rather than making more conservative investments.
In times of war it can help reduce the increasing of the debt as the U.S. spends large sums of money to deploy the military.
As for taxes being used properly, unfortunately I'll have to agree with you there when it comes to recent history.
It wasn't used properly.
The last times it was that come to mind are the building of the Interstate Highway system. Now in some areas presently in need of maintenance and repair.
The building of Dams and making electricity available to rural areas.
The spending that was focused on making Colleges very affordable even to people who were working part-time to pay for their education. Something practically impossible today without loans and grants.